Hoe young people are represented in films Essay Example

Hoe young people are represented in films Essay Discuss the presentation of young people in the new wave films you have studied, You should refer to A Bout De Soufflà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and at least two other films in your answer.I am going to discuss the ways that the French new wave directors made the young characters they have created in there films come across to the audience and why they have made the young characters appear to be like this. I am going to relate to Michel and Patricia in Goddards A Bout De Soufflà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Antoine in Truffauts Four hundred blows and Charlie In Truffauts The Nouvelle Vague. (Shoot the Pianist).French new wave directors have used young characters in their films to present them in a certain ways. Weather the characters be young children or young adults they are presented as a handful, sort of like problems to the parents or older generation In the way the characters have been told what to do and the way to act.In Goddards A Bout de Soufflà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the young character Michel and Patricia are both v ery self obsessed with themselves in the way they both are always looking in the mirrors and only listening to themselves and not each other. In my opinion the character Michel is shown as if he has a psychological problem with the way he talks to himself, the way he is not settled and is on the run from the police and also he has a missing identity in the film as he is acting as if he is something he is not. Patricia is shown to be confused when she is around Michel, she doesnt know if she loves him or not. Its as if she is leading him on until she makes up her mind on if she wants to be with Michel or not.In Truffauts Four Hundred Blows Antoine is a young Truffaut its conceded to be a biographical story of his childhood. His mother and stepfather concede Antoine as a problem child. Everything he does is wrong in the eyes of his parents and teachers at school. Antoine tries to do right and be creative but is always gets in to trouble. He ends up running away from home and the deten tion center. To the city of Paris. This shows that Paris is like a mother to Antoine. Every woman in Antoines life seems not to care for him. In the end Antoine runs into the ocean in other words he is running back to where he came from. (Where life started)In Truffauts shoot the pianist the young character Charlie is presented as a talented pianist and has big dreams to become one of Pariss best pianist but will not follow his dreams. And instead works in a small French bistro. He seems to have a bit of a psychological problem with all of his daydreams and thoughts but will not do anything about what he wants.In Goddards Bande a part (the outsiders) the title of the film gives it away that the characters who are young are outsiders who do not fit in with the other people in there community or with Paris. Odile lives with her aunt who does not seem to care about Odile only herself. When Odile meets Franz and Arthur she believes that they are her two friends when really they only wan t to be with her for her uncles money and, as she is a beautiful looking girl. She has no real friends so hangs around with the two boys who are idiots. She finds out that they are not her true friends in the end as one of them hit her when they discover they cannot steal her uncles money.In my opinion I believe that in all French new wave films that the young characters that have been created by the new wave directors have all been created to be troubled and unwanted by the older generation they have contact with. A good name for this is the outsiders (Bande a part) they do not fit in with the rest of the communities. None of the young characters in the new wave films seem to have a caring family around them and that support them they all seem to be so called friends or in Antoines situation has parents but his parents always seem to talk about regretting having him and that they should have aborted him.

Essay Sample on Trans-Atlantic Counterterrorism Policies

Essay Sample on Trans-Atlantic Counterterrorism Policies Advances in Trans-Atlantic Counterterrorism In his remarks opening a meeting of the House Subcommittee on Europe, Representative Elton Gallegly stated, â€Å"since September 11th, our partnership with Europe has become even more vital as we seek common strategies and solutions for the plague of global terrorism.† Although this could be said for many U.S. allies in its Global War on Terrorism, the Trans-Atlantic partnership is of particular importance. The similar and parallel foreign policies of the U.S. and many European countries in the past demonstrate that the commonality of combating terrorism is yet another area of cooperation for these two world powers. It is the very definition of counterterrorist (CT) referring to offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorist acts (including sanctuary denial, hostage rescue, and other terrorist suppression) that requires cooperation to pursue its goals. The history of U.S.-European CT efforts displays the cooperation involved in such missions. Some of the earlier examples of CT cooperation include the decades-old military exchange between United States CT forces and British CT forces, and the co-basing of the U.S. hostage rescue team with British CT forces in Egypt. These events surrounding the Iran Hostage Rescue Mission were the very birth of the United States CT capability. Such cooperation has continued since the early 1980s and strengthened after September 11, 2001. Additionally, due to the nature of the world’s modern financial infrastructure, international cooperation is essential to combating terrorist financing. Just as the U.S. and its allies froze Iranian assets during the 1979-1981 hostage crisis, the international community, and Europe in particular, performed similar actions after September 11, 2001. According to Senator John Kerry, â€Å"until October 2001, we did more damage to bin Laden and his terrorist enterprise by destroying his money laundering efforts than we did by firing missiles at tents in the desert.† Since recent events, Europe has acted in line with U.S. policy by cutting down the options terrorists use to finance their operations. Finally, despite the current Trans-Atlantic rift concerning U.S. policy in Iraq, the bonds formed from effective cooperation in the area of counterterrorism could surpass the frustrations of this delicate aspect of Middle East policy. Indeed, due to the necessary counterterrorist operations involved in rebuilding Iraq, it might be those cooperative efforts which could form coalitions and strengthen ties. The essence of this reinforced counterterrorism relationship could be the unwavering foundation for lasting democratic peace despite the current Trans-Atlantic rift over policy in Iraq. If you need custom essay, research paper, thesis or term paper on Politics or Sociology feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Strategic human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Strategic human resource management - Essay Example Strategic human resource management ensures that human resource management aligns human resource goals with overall business objectives. The force behind strategic human resource management is the growing need for firms to align their human resource strategies with the general business structure of overall goals In the contemporary market characterised with intense competition, most organisations have diverted from conventional perception of human resource as passive resource that can be manipulated to get things done. Organisations now understand the importance of human resource in the competition-plagued market and treat their workforce as crucial source of competitive advantage. Many firms have realized that there is likely to be no organisation in absence of employees. Human resource practices are thus perceived to be geared towards supporting overall objectives of the firm. This paper explores strategic human resource management of Burger King in Vietnam. Company Background Burg er King, often referred to as BK, is a multinational corporation headquartered in Florida, United States. Burger King’s roots can be traced back to Insta-Burger King, a restaurant chain in Florida founded in 1953. When Insta-Burger King was riddled with financial problems in 1954, David Edgerton and James McLamore, Miami-based franchisees, purchased the restaurant and gave it the now popular name, Burger King. The company has changed ownership severally since then with present owners focusing on restructuring to restore the company’s glory. By 2012, the company had approximately 12,700 outlets located in 73 nations. Burger King has basically relied on franchise business approach to grow globally and seek presence in many parts of the world. Burger King’s licensing of franchises differs from one location to another and depends on regions. Some franchises are categorised as master franchises and are mandated to sell the company’s sub-licenses. The companyâ €™s rapport with its franchises has never been smooth, leading to occasional legal challenges (Phi, 2012). Burger King became interested in Vietnam market in 2011 when the company collaborated with IPP/Blue Kite Vietnam. The company proceeded to establish its initial restaurant in Vietnam in 2012. Vietnam is perceived to be one of the most crucial markets for the company in Asia-Pacific (Phi, 2012). Through franchising, Burger King engaged with IPP group/BKV to ensure faster growth of the company in Vietnam (Phi, 2012). BKV in the strategic partnership was seen as a potential contributor in many crucial areas of the company. BKV was anticipated to provide employee training and development, finding strategic locations, and marketing of Burger King Brand among other roles. On the other hand, Burger king would ensure organisational as well as structural advancement while at the same time providing proficiency and assistance on its global operating system (Phi, 2012). Strategic Huma n Resource Management of Burger King in Vietnam The contemporary market is increasingly becoming competitive and consumer behaviour is also becoming very sophisticated. As such, firms which operate internationally are faced with the challenge competing on global scale. International human resource managers are tasked with the daunting role of developing workforce teams that can work in diverse business environments (Armstrong & Baron, 2002). In order to counter the growing global challenges in international business arena, strategic international human resource management is inevitable. Strategic international human resource management (SIHRM) can be referred to as the process whereby an international firm strategise on how to create and implement business policies and traditions for effectively managing its workforce on global scale(Armstrong, 2008). Strategic intern

Strategic Crisis Management in Enhancing Business Continuity and Research Paper

Strategic Crisis Management in Enhancing Business Continuity and Stability - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations in different sectors encounter the risk of disruptive events. The effects vary from simple or minor inconvenience that briefly disrupts the usual activities to the closure of the business. This problem necessitates crisis management. Crisis management is an enterprise’s pre-established strategies and activities that are intended for planning, responding as well as rectifying significant disastrous incidents or events An organization’s success is greatly associated with its formulation of crisis management programs which incorporate risk management, disaster recovery, communication and emergency response programs. The organization should develop the competence to respond flexibly and promptly as soon as crisis occurs. Crisis management may include rehearsal and teamwork in the attempt to establish the most appropriate response to unforeseen, detrimental occurrences. If an enterprise is adequately equipped for the most detrimental circumstances, then it is capable of handling other scenarios as well. Businesses can be better equipped to solve sudden events that may possibly result in stern or severe damage, jeopardizing their stability as well as continuity. In respect to business continuity, crisis management will facilitate recognition of potential issues which threaten an enterprise, and provide strategy for establishing resilience as well as the capacity for an efficient reaction. Crisis management facilitates business stability by eliminating or reducing losses associated with unforeseen, negative incidents. Managers encompass a strategic duty and a role to ensure their businesses or organizations are conscious of all aspects of business crises as well as planning in advance so as to minimize their effects. Thesis Statement In respect to business stability, several aspects that are likely to weaken the operations of an organization are emphasized. The essential and fundamental strat egy that various businesses implement to respond to business crisis in an attempt to enhance their stability will be considered. Contributions of crisis management in ensuring continued existence of businesses will also be studied. Speight defined business continuity as the procedure that indicates potential factors that intimidate an enterprise and offers a stratagem for creating flexibility as well as the aptitude for responding to business-related risks effectively. During a business crisis, a response should essentially safeguard stakeholders’ interests, and organization’s brand, reputation, long-term survival as well as value-creating actions. In the article, Speight provided a detailed perspective of crises, emergencies as well as disaster mitigation in an enterprise. The chief business disaster is considered to be an incident that extremely affects business operations with the highest chance of terminating its entire activities. An organization should formulate and adopt several procedures or strategies that it may be used to respond to disasters. Modern techniques used in business continuity management, include business continuity and risk assessment plan which ensures that businesses are resilient as well as prepared to offset risks. These techniques are significant in crisis management since they not only facilitate the assessment of risks but also assist in formulation of risk management plans. The issue of business continuity is identified to be of critical concern which has continuously being researched and enhanced over time. Business continuity aspects are upheld by safety standards or legislation.

Should college athletes be paid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should college athletes be paid - Essay Example For quite some time, there has been an extensive debate over payment of athletes, with each party in the debate presenting valid opinions that cannot be overlooked. It is essential to consider both the pros and cons of paying the athletes in order to come up with an objective decision. It is no secret that athletes earn their relative institutions high amounts of revenue. College athletes generate millions of dollars for their colleges and are required to be content with scholarships they enjoy (Griffin 19). This beats the principle of equity, and the athletes are, therefore, entitled to the revenue they generated. Athletes are exposed to risks that pertain to health, arising from the setting and nature of games and sports they take part in. These athletes, all around the young age of 22 or so, end their college careers with injured bodies, muscles that have repeatedly been shot up with cortisone injections, conditions such as prediabetes and prehypertension, and - in the case of the linemen - waistlines of 45 to 50 inches. The average career for a NFL player is only a few years, depending on the position. Early injuries in the transition from college to professional are a substantial reason, given that they have often compromised their bodies and health just to reach the NFL in the first place. This presents a case to pay college athletes to compensate them for the risks they face and also so that they can be able to access best medical care as well as have a balanced diet (Griffin 43). To be successful in any athletic competition, considerable investment of time and effort is paramount. This forces athletes to sacrifice their time in college and ensure that they adequately train in order to enhance their talent and give them a competitive edge. They do so while ensuring that they do not neglect their academic work, at times creating study time tables so as to be at par with their classmates, which creates an extra strenuous

Marketing Strategy for DAMAC

Marketing Strategy for DAMAC Introduction DAMAC Properties is a Dubai based company established in 2002. It is a private, commercial and leisure developer with â€Å"iconic† improvements and developments in staggering areas in significant urban communities in the Middle East has helped DAMAC construct image and repute for making lavish and alluring properties. Previously DAMAC Properties has extended its network within a few years of success, in to regions of North Africa, Qatar, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Since its establishment in 2002, DAMAC has conveyed 9,318 units to date and as of now has an advancement arrangement of in excess of 25,000 units at different phases of advancement and arranging conveying DAMACs vision of extravagance living with amazing private, accommodation, and relaxation and business improvements. At the heart of the Groups society lies the yearning to convey this vision for its clients, with the Companys c.1,400 workers dealing with the whole process – from the determination of improvement accomplices, for example, designers, planners and foremen, the distance to the handover of keys. To guarantee improvements are conveyed to the most elevated conceivable measures, DAMAC gives the privilege working environment to capable workers chooses just the privilege accomplices and creates ventures in prime areas. Continuously at the bleeding edge of visionary ideas, DAMAC has associations with â€Å"Paramount Hotels Resorts†, the official licensee of Paramount Pictures, Italian design houses Versace Home and FENDI Casa for marked private condo and manors and the Trump Organization for the advancement and operations of the Trump International Golf Course, Dubai and the Trump Estates inside the AKOYA by DAMAC improvement. As DAMAC keeps on innovating and bring new ideas to the business sector, the Company is resolved to expand on its compelling execution to date. With vision and energy, DAMAC is building the up and coming era of Middle East extravagance living. The Company issued Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) which are recorded on the London Stock Exchange. Citibank N.A. goes about as the depositary for the GDR. The projects by DAMAC Properties include; Marina Terrance, Executive Heights, Lake View, Lake Terrance, The Waves, Smart Heights, Park Towers and DAMAC Maison, The Summit. These projects deliver a luxury and undergo desire for design and quality. Mission: DAMAC states its mission as â€Å"delivering value to its customer†. Basically it aims to deliver. DAMAC ensures that the developments and establishments of buildings are delivered with the highest possible standards from the creative employees, architecture and contractor and designers. Since its history starting from 2002, it has maintained a record of building delivery with its vision of luxury developments. Market Description: Market serves as a medium for interaction of buyer and seller. It can be highly unpredictable. Throughout the world market with the perspective of buyer differs from seller’s point of view. Market changes daily whereas from business perspective it creates a daily challenge. Throughout the world, organizations are confronting the challenge of global rivalry and with the effects of globalization on political, financial, economic and society; patterns of purchasing and offering are changed. The organizations in worldwide business sector are attempting to profit by the favorable circumstances that have been made because of globalization. In this present period of globalization the organizations are attempting to execute progressed innovation so as to expand their core competency and business yields. Because of immense rivalry in worldwide business associations are selecting competitive workers and executing a few extraordinary marketing techniques. The organizations ought to be learned enough about different components of promoting process to exhibit the understanding of overseeing marketing. There are diverse components of marketing process and strategic implementation of these processes, for example, strategic plan for marketing mix implementation, strategies for targeting, segmentation, positioning based on focus and cost effective methodologies. Market segmentation is used to identify the different segments of consumers with respect to different product line. (Kotler, 2009)Targeting strategy is used to recognize the target audience for the particular products. Product positioning is used to identify the region in which the products will compete in a market place. These different elements of marketing process are elaborated in this study in order to understand managing marketing. Dubai is a major and attractive marketing hub and since the developments in Arab nations and Muslim world, opportunities for business investments are growing higher. The global recoveries in 2003 of Dubai, the economic conditions of Dubai region are improved with a growth of GDP. This recovery has led to benefit the housing scheme and real estate business around Dubai where people has a clear change in their life styles. The market changing perspectives of Dubai housing and building schemes are identified in this report with the help of marketing strategies adopted by DAMAC Company. DAMAC Properties introduction and mission is also discussed previously, further the report will discuss about its current marketing details and future marketing plans. Strategic Implementation: DAMAC business strategy and objectives are aligned to its vision of leading and creating innovation thus its strategy revolves around the core steps as follows: Buy: DAMAC identifies the golden opportunities of premium lands and buy the property. It reviews the economic and favorable business opportunities in other countries outside of Dubai. Create: DAMAC creates a highly valuable and luxurious and innovative lifestyle through its buildings and value added projects. Sell: It sells the premium quality property while creating business associations and relationships with the leading housing and hotel brands. Build: DAMAC has built efficient projects through proper utilization of strategic planning, budget controlling and maximizing the profits. Marketing Mix Marketing mix of anorganizationis the spine of any organizations promoting system. Each heading association needs to examine the showcasing blend productively keeping in mind the end goal to do the method development (Jobber, 2012) Product:  DAMAC introduces the innovative and luxurious houses and properties. Its projects are alliances of other leading brands such as Paramount Hotels. DAMAC’s projects include Marina Terrance, Executive Heights, Lake View, Lake Terrance, The Waves, Smart Heights, Park Towers and DAMAC Maison etc. AKOYA is a luxurious villa, and a future business plan of DAMAC. Price: DAMAC has set premium prices for its products and services. One reason include its target market i.e., highly innovative and lifestyle oriented. Other reason is the scope of housing and building schemes in Dubai. In long run, the business could benefit from the increasing rates and opportunities of growth. In 2020 the prices are expected to show increasing trend for housing projects in Dubai. Place:  DAMAC has located the areas of Middle East, North Africa and others with a major hub in Dubai. It has a geographical focus on worldwide opportunities. Primarily it operates in residential sector but it also aims to create market in commercial development and co-brands of hotel and apartments. It has international and national offices for dealing and other matters. Promotion: It uses face to face market tools through its presence in Dubai Malls. It also uses technology and electronic media for its promotion. Target Customer: DAMAC has targeted the customer with; innovative lifestyle and luxury seeking attribute. It has focused mainly on the high income that does not bother to pay high for their niche requirements. Market Segmentation There are severalkeyelements in marketing strategies. Market segmentation is one of those key elementsthat have been implemented in maximum time. Behavioral Segmentation:  Based on behavioral segmentation, Customer behavior include the luxury and relaxed life style, need of housing style as in western nations. The company has built projects with premium quality and luxurious life styles and a never ending experience. Profile Segmentation:  A customer who is well cultured and has a good educational background with higher earnings level comes under this segment. Trade and commerce related background people are top most targeted customers. Young married couples and old ones are mostly targeted. Geographic Segmentation:  On the basis of geographic segmentation, it has eyed upon the regions of premium and worthy lands which can create a desire in people who want a standard and premium lifestyle. Psychographic segmentation: DAMAC has targeted the customers of middle age; young couples with energy and fun element seeking for spending time with high enduring tastes and values depending upon social class. Old aged based on their living style of being prestigious and with high standards.   Market Opportunities: Consumer Behavior The consumer behavior analysis relies on the relationship of people with the assistance of marketing mix. Additionally, pay level of individuals and socio-cultural variables assume a huge part on purchasing conduct of consumers (Pride Ferrell, 2011).In term of profits, business of DAMAC can lead to go up as the consumer needs of luxurious life style as adopted by Western culture has increased in Dubai and Middle East. Since this desire, the marketing for middling ranged income group is another opportunity to look forward. Since DAMAC focus of premium price, it also needs to look forward and create luxury life style opportunity for affordable range. In future, housing scheme and land prices are expected to grow up with double or triple rates. Thus, it may suggest business growth and future investment opportunities as DAMAC reports for 2013 shows its profits and success, thus the growth continues to rise. (DAMAC Annual Report, 2013) The graph below presents the current leading situati ons to opportunities for growth in hoteling and related requirements. Because Dubai is a major hub for many international events, people will seek the facility of hoteling for stay such as for events like Dubai expo. Towards the end of 2020, pattern for hoteling and housing scheme shows an upward trend. Source: (Dubaitourism.ae) Market Research: Secondary Research:  All the data is collected from the sources available on net, the journals, news and annual report of the company. Also the theories from scholarly sources are also present to back up the marketing report. Primary Research:  Primary research is conducted on the basis of survey. The respondents were selected and their response is collected through the designed questionnaire present in the Appendix A at the end. Bibliography DAMAC Annual Report. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.damacproperties.com/en/general/download/file/damac-real-estate-development-limited-annual-report-2013-final?id=12200type=report. Dubaitourism.ae. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2014, from www.dubaitourism.ae Jobber, D. (2012). Principles and Practice of Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.http://oro.open.ac.uk/36359/ Kotler, P. (2009). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education India.http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=KN6PqQMnFBACoi=fndpg=PR34dq=Kotler,+P.+(2009).+Principles+of+Marketing.+Pearson+Education+India.ots=UhHdTbDNHzsig=CYs0TJTf7gnth-JsooXTBZ2R3Fg Pride Ferrell. (2011). Marketing. . Stamford: Cengage Learning.http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=3dp0cR45FZcCoi=fndpg=PR3dq=Pride++Ferrell.+(2011).+Marketing.+ots=OwFuTk_15Tsig=WQxHkWpC6oD22ezjFSdPU1spd4o#v=onepageq=Pride Ferrell. (2011). Marketing.f=false Appendix A Questionnaire: Demographics: (Mandatory) Name: Age: Occupation: Income: Question Strongly Agree Agree Moderate Disagree Strongly Disagree The changing trends and globalization has impacted the lifestyle of people in Arab nations, more particularly in Dubai? The market need of customer is changing due to increasing trend of social class and society standards The increase in income is one source of change in need of life style. Present market conditions suggest that there is a need to focus on housing trends and styles Luxury is a need to today’s world. How convinced is a middle class person to buy a luxury life style: Greatly Moderately Depends upon his income Depends on his needs Depends on his income and other social factors Why would you prefer, a luxury home in attractive location: Due to increase in income Due to societal trends and need of standards and lifestyle Other Factors: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Open Ended Questions: What do you think about DAMAC and its success? Have you ever visited or a client at DAMAC Properties? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How far DAMAC Properties has fascinated the clients based on its vision of delivering luxury? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Raising a genderless baby: The Case of Storm Stocker Essay

Raising a family of three children is no easy feat to begin with, and the Stocker family of Toronto, Ontario has made one decision regarding their new baby that will hardly make it any easier. Mrs. Stocker gave birth to her third child on new years day of 2011, and accompanying the proud new parents e-mail to friends and families announcing the baby’s birth, was a rather controversial statement; â€Å"We’ve decided not to share Storm’s sex for now — a tribute to freedom and choice in place of limitation, a stand up to what the world could become in Storm’s lifetime (a more progressive place? †¦).† (CTV 1) Mr. & Mrs. Stocker had decided to raise their new baby boy or girl, with out the socially constructed pre-text of masculine or feminine gender traits, regardless of what the physical sex of the baby was. It is important to point this baby is neither a hermaphrodite nor born as a transsexual, but is completely anatomically healthy or â⠂¬Ëœnormal’ so to speak. The parents are simply keeping the sex of the baby secrete as to deprive society, and in the future its peers, teachers, coaches etc. of influencing it’s formation of gender and self. This highly controversial decision is however, fulfilling Freud’s notion of removing gender from the realm of biology, thus overcoming biological essentialism, and moving it into society, which he believed was the dominant force influencing how gender develops. In the modern era, however, the decision to keep baby Storms sex a secrete was met with significant controversy from American media, ABC news stating; â€Å"While child development experts applaud the family’s efforts to raise their child free of the constraints of gender stereotypes, they say the parents have embarked on a psychological experiment that could be potentially disastrous.† (ABC 1) while in Canada and internationally, especially in European countries such as Sweden and Finland where this is not unheard of, its been more readily accepted. Finnish people often choose specific diction to speak about themselves and others in a very neutral way which includes gender neutrality; â€Å"This rhetoric is based on a kind of moral code: it is highly valued to be seen and treated without particularities, without bodies, as a  person in your own right, without gender, without class, without ethnicity, without locality† (Lahelma 8) and in Sweden the government has actually updated the national Encyclopedia to account for the rising trend of parents raising their children genderless, adding the genderless pronoun â€Å"hen† to accompany the masculine â€Å"han† and feminine â€Å"hon†. And the trend isn’t just limited to linguistics. Recently â€Å"†¦the World Economic Forum declared Sweden the most gender-neutral country in the world, and gender neutrality is changing Swedish culture in profound ways. A children’s department store has dissolved its â€Å"girls† and â€Å"bo ys† sections†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tietal 36). Freud would, however, have to agree with ABC news’ declaration that the results could be â€Å"potentially disastrous† as he viewed gender intringently linked to self-identity as well as sexual orientation. It is safe to assume Dr. Freud would view this decision to shelter the child as a psychological experiment destined to end in failure, resulting in a man or women not properly assimilated into society and bound for a miserable existence. However, as Sandra Harding said â€Å"What you see, what you find important, and how you understand the world depends on your ‘standpoint’† and as more recent feminist research has uncovered Freud’s beliefs in a binary set of man or woman is not necessarily true. Feminist Epistemology of society and science exposes how the commonly accept binary couple of male/female or masculine/feminine influences our conception of knowledge and how we come to conclusions, and even in American media it is quite pronounced the male/female roles have began to blend or at least have come to have changed since Freud’s time; â€Å"The stereotypes of boys were that they were self-sufficient, non-empathic, tough and good at war, and Girls were trained to be empathic and caring and more nurturing, are all falling apart. You even see tough football players bawling nowadays† (ABC 1). It would not necessarily be harmful for the baby to grow up in-between or with-out th e masculine/feminine binary because it is socially constructed anyway and growing up with-out it, or perhaps better put, on the outside of it, simply creates a new paradigm for baby Storm. Because men have held such a dominant role influencing research and education it has skewed history and research to man’s own advantage, resulting in a unidimensional view of gender and power almost always at the women’s expense  (Luecke 138). As Kimmel said in our textbooks, the phenomenon of biasing knowledge is always more pronounced when one group homogeneously controls political and ideological systems, which have up until very recent times been controlled strictly by males, giving them the conceptual power over gender, sexual orientation and almost every other field of research known to man. Though in recent decades much progress has been made on this issue, there is still much bias on part of male dominated research resisting the inclusion of minorities and feminist epistemology which needs to change in order for better research methods and more accurate out comes, especially from a constructionists approach to gender. As Sharlene Hesse-Biber put it; â€Å"If present science is distorted by the predominance of male perspectives, would not science become more objective by the deliberate inclusion of views from women, minorities etc.† The Social Constructionist Approach diverges from Freud’s belief in masculine/feminine binaries in that it acknowledges the contextual importance of gender and sexuality. The time, place, power and culture all play a part in defining what is considered masculine and what is feminine, concluding that gender and sexuality are not constants, but variables in a perpetual flux, resulting from the ebb and flow of societal norms and what social groups are in power influencing those norms. Storms identity as he grows up will certainty be influenced by his interactions with media, society and his parents but that influence will be minimized because of his immunity to the power of gender and sex stereotypes, living in, presumably, blissful ambiguity. And in many ways this gives him a certain power over us, or at least a power to change or blur the gender norms as he grows up; â€Å"It is impossible to explain gender without adequately understanding power – not because power is the consequence of gender difference. But rather because power is what produces those gender differences in the first place† (Kimmel 116). The case of Storm Stocker, while highly controversial, cannot be declined the notion of fascinating and perhaps highly influential on this centuries gender and sexual norms – thus society itself. This case as analyzed through intersectionality is perfect to highlight the many ways in which race, class, gender and sexuality all come to act as social forces on us as we develop in our given environment (Kennedy & Hellen 36). As we watch Storm  mature into whatever Storm aspires to be, Storm will be simultaneously turning back millennia of stereotypes, biases, roles and assumptions that have been entrenched in our global society. The potential for real social change stems from the point where other individuals who have been raised and socialized similarly to storm, organize and create social movements to further awareness and understanding of neo-gendered individuals (Madison & Shaw 435). In this way Storm and their contemporaries will show us how the binary concepts of man/women have been one of the most pervasive forces locking us within a certain realm of action and understanding dictated strictly by the reproductive organs we were born with. Who we love, how we love are all subject to change as â€Å"Our identities are a fluid assemblage of the meanings and behaviors that we construct from values, images and prescriptions we find in the world around us† (Kimmel 112). Works Cited â€Å"Baby raised without ‘gender’ sets off debate | CTV News .† CTV News | Top Stories – Breaking News – Top News Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Baby Storm Raised Genderless, or Without a Gender, a Dangerous Experiment, Say Child Development Experts – ABC News.† ABCNews.com – Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News – ABC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Oct. 2012. . Biber, Sharlene Nagy. Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. Print. Harding, Sandra. â€Å"Feminist Standpoints.† Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. 46-64. Print. Kennedy, Natacha, and Mark Hellen. â€Å"Transgender children: more than a theoretical challenge.† Graduate Journal of Social Science 7 (2010): 25-42. Print. Kimmel, Michael S.. The gendered society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Lahelma, Elina. â€Å"Female Paths To Adulthood In A Country Of ‘Genderless Gender’.† Gender & Education 24.1 (2012): 1-13. Academic Search Complete. Web. Luecke, Julie. â€Å"Working with Transgender Children and Their Classmates in Pre-Adolescence: Just Be Supportive.†Journal of LGBT Youth 8.2 (2011): 116-156. Print. Maddison, Sarah, and Frances Shaw. â€Å"Feminist Perspectives on Social Movement Research.† Handbook of feminist research: theory and praxis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. 434-454. Print. Teitel, Emma. â€Å"Neither He Nor She.† Maclean’s 125.16 (2012): 36. Academic Search Complete. Web.

Civil War North vs South

The North and South were deeply divided in the issue of black civil rights, with the North adopting a pro-civil rights stance and the South adopting a pro-slaves stance. The different elimination histories and economics bases of the North and South regions shaped these different views on civil rights for black slaves during 1 820 off 860. The North's pro-civil rights stance grew as a result Of solid economic base in industrialization and their settlement history of religious freedom.While the North's soil and climate did not favor large plantations, this region did have many natural resources which helped fuel the growth of industrialization and urban areas. As shown in Document A in the â€Å"Railroads in 1860,† the North had more than two-thirds of the railroad tracks which made it easier to rainspout goods and drive the economy. Because this industrial growth was not dependent on slave labor, but immigrants coming to the cities, Northerners saw the blacks as people not just economic resources.In addition, the North had been established on religious freedom and had been the focus on America's fight for independence, so the North was tolerant of messages from abolitionists like Frederick Douglas who talked about the injustice of slaves' lack of freedom (Document C). These views were also shown in response to the John Brown incident who tried to seize a federal arsenal and start a slave uprising (Document E). The Northerners called Brown â€Å"a martyr for the sacred cause of freedom. Thus, the northerners didn't rely on slave labor for their industrial economy and were tolerant of messages of freedom due to their settlement history, which led to their pro- civil rights stance. On the other hand, the South's economic base was largely agriculture, and their dependence on slave labor drove their pro-slavery stance. The Southern colonies were primarily settled for cash crops, like cotton and tobacco, because of their fertile soil and climate.As shown in Do cument A, â€Å"The Slave Density and Cotton Production, 1860,† cotton was almost exclusively grown in the South, and heavily relied on slave labor. In addition, the South had limited industry and relied heavily on the North for â€Å"almost every article of utility and adornment†¦ And that were are dependent on Northern capitalists for the means necessary to build our railroads, canals, and there public transportation† (Document B). Because agriculture was their key economic base and was dependent on slave labor, the Southerners viewed slaves as economic resources or property rather than people.They believed the Supreme Court's decision in the Dried Scott case, which held the the Fifth Amendment did not apply to African Americans because they were property, as proof of their viewpoint. They believed that civil rights would destroy their economy, and became violent against antislavery actions such as in the John Brown case that they believed were plotted by the No rth (Document E). Therefore, because the civil rights movement would have destroyed the southern economy which was heavily dependent on agriculture and slave labor, they adopted adopted pro-slavery stance.Therefore the different colonization histories and economics of the North and South led to the North's pro-civil rights stance and the South's pro-slavery stance in 1820 to 1860. These differences truly divided a nation as described by Abraham Lincoln during his Republic nomination speech for U. S. Senator: â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. † His speech foreshadowed the divide that would ultimately lead to the Civil War, in which North fought against South over the issue of slavery.

Common Ground Essays - Sustainable Food System, Agroecology

Common Ground Essays - Sustainable Food System, Agroecology Common Ground In the video, Common Ground, several ways of alternative organic farming are discussed. Although the tape is somewhat outdated, it still is effective in showing what changes have been made in farming and the issues concerning farmers and the environment. The main objective of the video is showing the process of coming together and meeting in the middle between the farmer and environmentalist, just as it is titled, Common Ground. With our project being based on organic farming, we felt that this would be a helpful video for not only us, but the rest of the class to begin the understanding of alternative ways to farm the land without destroying it. Then, when we give our project presentation, there will be a prior understanding and knowledge on the subject

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essays

Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essays Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Stephen Cranes vs Emily Dickinsons view of nature Essay Essay Topic: Literature Even though the authors were contemporaries for a period of time, Dickinson and Crane were influenced by the prevalent literary movements of their times-Romanticism and Naturalism, respectively-and their views of nature were shaped accordingly, understandably differing quite a bit. The societies in which Huck Finn and Edna Pontellier lived are naturally the first aspect of said journeys that needs to be examined, for they had been the cause of the problem in both cases. While both lived in the countrys south Huck in Missouri and Edna in Louisiana, their stories are set in somewhat different times, and different central issues are present. Hucks story is set in the pre-civil war 1830s, a time when slavery, racism and inequality were abound, yet were not considered a thing out of the norm. All social institutions and authority figures in Hucks surroundings were accepting of the reality, and as a result, his innate values found nothing morally wrong with the situation, and his personal journey (combined with the literal one) resulted in a change of this perception. If one were to mark the start of this inner journey, it would probably be best illustrated by Hucks exclamation of genuine shock Jim! (Baym 245), when the runaway slave tells him that he is, indeed, a runaway slave. In this exclamation lie the values Huck starts out with, the thought that Jim, who is lawful property of Miss Watson, did something horrible to her by running away. Change can begin to be spotted when Huck realizes that people are looking for Jim and says Git up and hum yourself, Jim! There aint a minute to lose. Theyre after us! (Baym 257). Its this us that shows the change in Hucks perception People in fact are after Jim, not them. Similarly, Edna Pontelliers surrounding society and its description in the beginning of The Awakening serve to illustrate what she starts out with. The aristocratic Louisiana Creole society of the 1890s was male-dominant, but not so much in a forcible sense as in the sense that women were expected to do as their husbands say and were expected to follow a certain unwritten code of unquestionable obedience. Chopin presents this rather openly, when describing the other women in the novel They were women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels. (Baym 638). This was the ideal woman of the time and place, something that Edna Pontellier was not, as is evident from her husbands reprimanding of her for neglecting the children (Baym 637) in the beginning already. Thus, Edna starts out with a phantom acceptance of her cultures values, but her awakening is triggered by that summer spent on Grand Isle and a major change is brought about, in the form of Ednas quest for the freedom of being herself in life (Baym 643). A process similar in sequence to what happened to Huck. At this point, the inner journeys for both characters begin to speed up, and the significance of the revelations they make increases. Huck and Jim set out on their journey down the Mississippi on their raft, and its in the process of this journey that Huck changes, mainly due to his discovering of things about Jim that he did not consider possible before. Although its only the case of one person now, Jim, these discoveries register as discoveries about a larger group of people in Hucks mind black slaves. When on one occasion he tricked Jim and made him feel extremely bad, it took Huck fifteen minutes to finally manage to bring himself to apologize before a black person. Even though it was something not innate to his values, he did it, and didnt feel sorry he did as much as he felt surprised that Jim indeed was hurt, and therefore had emotions too (Baym 272). What Huck considered right still gave him no rest, for he was doing something very wrong by helping Jim in his escape, this perhaps is his central internal conflict. When Jim talks of stealing his children from their owner, it shocks Huck even more, and he is disappointed to hear such talk from Jim (Baym 281, 282), yet, it eventually makes him realize that black people too have families, and that they feel attached to them just as white people are to theirs. This realization is a big surprise for Huck, because it undermines all the values he has been taught by life in the south black people are human. A central internal conflict is what happens to Edna as well, although it is different in nature. The seed of this conflict can be located in something she says to Madame Ratignolle, her model Creole woman friend: I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for the children; but I wouldnt give myself. (Baym 669, 670). Of course, the only one who understood these words to some degree at least was Edna herself, only she realizes what the summer spent on Grand Isle with Robert, before he left to Mexico, triggered in her a big resentment of everything she was forced into, and a discovery of certain parts of her psyche that she did not know even existed. As they return to New Orleans, it worries Ednas husband that she abandons all of her housekeeping responsibilities and just generally defies him as he tells it to the family doctor who he came for advice to (Baym 684). As soon as Mr. Pontellier leaves for yet another business trip, Edna automatically feels better about everything in her life, and As she snuggled comfortably beneath the eiderdown a sense of restfulness invaded her, such as she had not known before. (Baym 690). It can be clearly understood from this that Ednas husbands mere presence created negative emotions, probably because of the constant authority he has always had over her. Both Huck and Edna have at this point discovered very significant new things, but they have been in discoveries in slightly different directions. In Hucks case, it was mainly about the outside world, but it nevertheless triggered a change of perception in him. We can see that Huck is not of ill moral character, he has a general sense of what is right and what is wrong, part of which would still fit even our times. This is evident from his decision to help Mary Jane and her sisters reclaim the money that the frauds robbed them of (Baym 342). Yet, at several points throughout his journey down the river with Jim, he has pondered the option of notifying Miss Watson of the whereabouts of her property, and therefore turning Jim in, because according to what he has been taught, it would be the right thing to do. Huck soundly believes that if he doesnt do it, he will go to hell as punishment for his crime, because thats what the church and Sunday school of the south taught him. Perhaps the most significant turning point is his decision to defy these teachings All right, then, Ill go to hell (Baym 359), he said as he tore up the letter of notification he meant to send to Miss Watson. He still considers himself wicked, although evidently, he has placed Jims value to him as his friend higher than Jim being a runaway slave, or maybe a decision that slavery is indeed wrong, although the reader is not told of it. This is the culmination of Hucks inner journey, and from now on, he acts according to his new convictions (doing all he can to free Jim). When in the novels end Aunt Sally plans to adopt him yet again, he is not accepting of it, perhaps because he feels that he would be unable to fall back into southern life with the new knowledge he has acquired, and decides to take off for Indian territories (Baym 407). Similarly, Edna has been subject to certain realizations that alter her perception of herself and the world around her, making her act accordingly. She is shocked at the feelings that a kiss from Alci e Arobin arouses in her It was the first kiss of her life to which her nature had really responded. It was a flaming torch that kindled desire. (Baym 698). She was a married woman, and yet she had never experienced true passion for her husband as much as she did for this man she barely knew. Her societal values blare out that it is wrong, yet she feels no remorse, and that upsets her even more (Baym 698). From this sudden revelation of a new aspect of herself and on, Edna, in a sense just like Huck, slowly realizes that with her newly acquired knowledge there will never be place for her in the present society. She becomes self-possessed enough that she in a way declares her newly acquired values to Robert, the one who triggered it all in the first place I give myself where I choose. And this declaration obviously frightens Robert, he isnt so sure he can deal with such a woman what he knows and believes in does not equal to this declaration of Ednas (Baym 716). He leaves her behind with a simple note: I love you. Good-by, because I love you. (Baym 720). Edna now knows that she can never again be her old, pretentious self. Not with what she has awakened to, and not in this closed and not understanding society. There were no Indian territories for her to take off for, and she therefore decides to do the only thing that would equal to true freedom in her situation she swims far out into the ocean and to her death (Baym 723). While the two journeys examined above differed significantly in their outward content, some very similar elements have been observed. In their core, both Huck and Edna discovered things that in their essence were opposed to society, its customs, or its teachings. And, in both cases, they pursued their new knowledge and stuck to what they thought was right and best. Both characters were exceptionally brave, and faced their inner conflicts successfully.

Identify a current business issue Research Paper

Identify a current business issue - Research Paper Example This has caused businesses to take a step back and consider ethics seriously. Companies rely on auditors and accountants for their financial processes. For this reason, a strict code of ethics should be followed by accounting professionals. Even though it is common to find unethical behavior in accounting professions, ethics in accounting is vital because it is important to ensure a correct and clear financial image of a business, to instill confidence and trust with stakeholders and the public and to prevent fraud, embezzlement or financial scandals. Ethics are the backbone of any business and it is vital that ethics are implemented within the accounting and bookkeeping systems of an organization (Axline, 1990). Like other operating bodies involved in business activities, Accountants also need to focus on ethics set by the company in order to solve the problems and complexity that they will encounter. For example, the capital markets’ need to focus on the broken up profits th at may attract an organization’s management authorities to bend or even break accounting rules to inflate reported net income. In these situations, technical competence is not enough to resolve the dilemma (Hoffman, 1996). Qualitative Research The chosen method of qualitative research for conducting research on Ethics in Accounting is literature review, which facilitates the researcher to read and analyze the collected data from various sources and incorporate it in his research. Hypothesis Even though it is common to find unethical behavior in accounting professions, ethics in accounting is vital because it is important to ensure a correct and clear financial image of a business, to instill confidence and trust with stakeholders and the public and to prevent fraud, embezzlement or financial scandals. Literature Review Ethics are said to be an intangible asset of any organization and a key to success as it a system which is led by the moral and fair systems helps distinguishi ng the wrong or right. Problems in ethical system are, infect, a situation faced by a group of persons or by an individual, and to solve these ethical problem, they need to get complete information (â€Å"Role of Ethics in Accounting†, 2011). According to Axline (1990) in his journal about accounting, ethics are the backbone of an organization and play a vital role in the development of the organization. As the importance of ethics is increasing, organizations are becoming more conscious about the ethical system in their book keeping and accountancy. Ethical environment in the accountancy and book keeping is now subject to scrutiny and criticism from the media, regulators, and public interest groups (Axline, 1990). Although accounting is a very helpful record of a business and it is a most valuable sort of knowledge, people who are directly or indirectly related to the firm believes that the accounting records should be same like a pure science and it should be strong enough to solve some problems of the firm. Similar to the medical and legal professions, society is also obligate to give grants to the public accountants some extra and especial rights which help them improving their performance and handle certain activities with more proficiency as they are suppose to get something good in return (Mautz, 1988). Professional practitioners are always on the higher expectations of the public and they are

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example e possession or enjoyment had been carried back as far as living memory would go, that a grant had once existed which had since been lost.’ A presumption of lawful grant can be made either at common law, by lost modern grant or under the Prescription Act 1832. Claims are usually made under all three methods2. When applying the doctrine of prescription at common law, such an easement is only presumed where the appropriate user has existed from time immemorial. The limit of legal memory for this presumption was usage from 1189 but as it is normally impossible to supply actual proof dating this far back it has been commonly accepted on the basis of evidence as a long user3. The difficulty with this is that such a presumption can be rebutted as occurred in Hubert v Dale [1909]4 where the plaintiff was able to show that the right claimed had not existed or could not have existed since 1189. Due to the difficulties with the common law approach to prescription and the possibilities of rebuttal the principal of lost modern grant was formed. Under this heading there is a presumption that if the user has used the easement for a period of 20 years that the deed of grant to use the land has been lost. This makes the presumption that a lawful grant was previously in existence and therefore the user should be entitled to continue using the land in the manner he has been doing. The case of Tehidy Minerals Ltd v Norman [1971]5 settled that the presumption cannot be rebutted even by direct evidence that no grant was ever made. If another explanation for the user is equally possible, than a grant should not be presumed6. It was decided in Neaverson v Peterborough RDC [1902]7 that the presumption can be rebutted if it can be established that no lawful grant could have been made at any relevant time. The Prescription Act 1832 gives rights to subsequent purchasers of the land. Section 2 of the Act takes the view that if a user has enjoyed the right without interruption for 20