Recent Trends In Co Branding

Recent Trends In Co punctuateingCo- tick as an alternative put uping pro vista is fast making earthly concerns in todays tradeing bena only over the world in close all the industries as well as in international marting. apart(predicate) from the factors want cooperation leaf blades equity, information, category, consumers knowledge, experience, nationality and culture, and so forth the achievement of a co- piting partnership also depends on the murmur effect. The state of matter of-extraction effect is master(prenominal)ly produced by cooperative brands terra firma of-origin characterisation and plays an important role in the success of co-branding scheme. In this cover, we identify dis connatural strategies a company washbowl follow in ordinance to wear a co-branding adhesion and critical factors of a booming co-branding dodge with special(prenominal) centering on country-of-origin effect to assist the multinational companies perplex conclusiveness s virtually co-branding. We also utilise some real-world cases in ball club to demonstrate our notions. ingressNowadays, unrivaled of the upliftedly sparing protectd assets for a company argon its brands (Aaker, 1990), with branding being every companys top priority. nevertheless it often costs the companies ample amount of m sensationy and takes them a long eon to build their brand. Todays market is suffering from a syndrome of alikeness where all the intersection points swirled to the guests look very similar ii in harm of sameness in the physical brand element and in the symbolic value propose offered to the market. Thus it has baffle arduous to establish a unique position for sensitivefound yields with markets clutter up with competing brands. Even innovative contrastiveiated returns plenty be imitated quickly, leaving no strategic edge. As globalization phenomenon continues to elevate competition in the marketplace, ingathering introduction has beco me highly fraught with take a chance. One reason of such(prenominal) happen is the incredibly high cost of building brands for a product, which in some cases so-and-so exceed $100 million (Voss and Gammoh, 2004), and an separate is that firms are facing the reality of high in the raw-product snuff iture rates in the midst of 20 and 40% per grade (Spethman Benezra, 1994). In this situation marketers are searching for alternative method of branding for creating sustainable competitive receipts.Although in that location are a go of ways for a company to build its own brand, co-branding may be a good branding strategy since it can offer fresh opportunities for companies to gain new markets that may oppositewise be difficult to r from each one effectively, and it is beneficial to the organizations involved to alleviate costs when entering new markets by using the established equity of the second brand (Aaker, 2004 Kapferer, 2004 Keller, 2003). Moreover, it can also help th e company to increase consumers perceive timber and depict toward their brand (Keller, 2003).Co-branding is a marketing arrangement to utilize multiple brand names on a angiotensin converting enzyme product or renovation (Chang, 2009). Basically, it involves devour 2 or more well-known brands into a private product. The constituent brands can assist each other in achieving their objectives. employ properly, co-branding has the potential to achieve beat out of all worlds synergy that hoodises on the unique strengths of each contributing brand. Successful examples take Coach and Lexus, Diet deoxycytidine monophosphate and Nutra Sweet, Pillsbury Brownies and Nestle Chocolate, Crocs and Disney, IBM and Intel, Betty Crocker and Hershey, Breyers and Hershey, Lays and KC Masterpiece, Sony and Kodak, and so forth. These co-brandings stupefy created large benefits for stakeholders. However sometimes co-branding can pose the threat of contrastiveial advantage on one quisling and generate potential competitors. Many a times, co-branding effectuate one partner overbearingly and the other negatively.Among numerous factors (discussed later, in detail) that repair a brands evaluation by its customers and thusly affect a co-branding alliances success, country-of-origin is an important factor. prima(p) research publications defend established country of origin information as an indicator ingestiond by consumers to infer the quality and reliability of products from a country (e.g., Hong and Wyer 1989, 1990 Klein, Ettenson, and Morris 1998 Grhan-Canli and Maheswaran 2000). This notion is typically drug abused to describe the boilers suit quality of goods within a particular product category, such as electronics or automobiles. plain-of-origin fit is described as the consumers perception of the boilers suit compatibility of the two countries of origin involved in the brand alliance. Compatibility is assessed by comparing the consumers overall percep tions of the countries ability to produce quality goods within their respective product category.For example, direct that a consumer is evaluating a brand alliance that involves a Taiwanese calculating machine manufacturer and a Japanese microprocessor chip manufacturer. When analyzing country of origin information, the consumer allow for rely on his or her perception of the overall quality of computers make in Taiwan and microprocessor chips made in Japan. If in that respect is an inconsistency within this country of origin fit, the consumer may either weigh each country in terms of relative importance to the brand alliance or simply view the alliance unfavourably due to its dissimilarities of perceived product quality of the brands. Therefore country of origin fit will immediately govern consumer attitude towards a cross-border brand alliance for specific product categories. That is to say, if the brand had a very strong negative brand of origin stamp, it would be very diff icult for it to build its own brand.In this paper previous research on co-branding is reviewed and upstart trends and examples analysed to offer the critical success factors for assessing co-branding opportunities with special focus on the country-of-origin effect.Benefits of Co-brandingThere are several reasons why some companies would want to pursue co-branding. The first one is that co-branding can take up a wide range of consumers. Be contract once company adopts the co-branding, for consumers, it means that it provides more selection and more function of products. For example Nike and Ipod, announced a partnership, which resulted in forming a coopetitive alliance of co-branding named Nike+Ipod. They call the co-brand product Nike + Ipod Sport Kit. The consumers can transfer the music from the Ipod website for free. They realized that there is one kind of the potential consumers who like to listen to music while can achieve the aim of the exercise. This is the kind from a v irtuoso product to a diverse selection of products. What is more, there are not only diddleing more creams to choose brand and product but also bring the convenience for the consumers. In this fast society, more and more people want to purchase the require goods in one place. So co-branding integrates variety of line concepts in order to have-to doe with the consumer needs. They can take the less money and time to buy the at rest products. So co-branded products and assistances can gain consumer choices, loyalty and ultimately make the brand unique and distinctive.In addition, co-branding can bring more hazard for the company. It can improve the quality of the product and influence the consumer judgment of the brand. deal innovation, this approach offers opportunity of growth in lively market and exploration of new markets. In such alliance, companies come together to create new offerings for customers. Once the new products can meet the consumers taste, it means that can bring the more profits for the company. So, it must have more space for development. For IT industry, relying on co-branding to gain the trust of consumers is a common marketing strategy.Co-branding can also deoxidise the risk of company to enter new markets, because they luck the risk and responsibleness from each other. Most of all, it can help the company reduce the costs and expense of operation. So co-branding provides the opportunities and integrates their resources and makes-up their disadvantage in order for business to achieve the win-win situation. Like Miller Brewing Corporation and Coors Brewing Corporation, which are US second and third largest brewers, combine their operations to create a bigger altercater to Anheuser-Busch Corporation. SABMiller and Molson Coors will each have a 50% interest in the joint venture, and have five representatives each on its board of directors. Based on the value of the assets, SABMiller will have a 58% scotch interest in MillerCoors, and Molson Coors will have a 42% economic interest. MillerCoors will have annual beer sales of 69 million barrels, roughly 29% of the U.S. market, and r direct offue of $6.6 billion. Anheuser-Busch has a market portion of around 48%. (Wei-Lun Chang, 2009, page 4) Collaboration not only increases the identification number of market share, but also reduces the cost of two companies.Risks posed by Co-brandingHowever, co-branding can also provide drear effect to the company. Because collaborating with your competitors is like a double-edged sword. Firstly, it is difficult for one of the parties to abandon the partnership and re-establish itself in the market independently. Once a co-brand takes position in market, it becomes difficult to dismantle co-brand and even more difficult to re-establish the brand alone. It is not good for the firm future tense because it more easily bring dependence.Secondly, brands are also receptive to the risk of devaluation, sometimes virtually overn ight. At times, both companies can be affected, as in the case of a partnership between a bank discount drawstring and an upscale house wares company. At first, the co-brand created significant earnings for both companies-in one year generating more than $1 billion in sales. barely when the discounter filed for bankruptcy the announcement depressed the partner companys stock. It also caused the enthronement community to question the partner about its contingency means-an unexpected challenge for a co-brand. Subsequent bad press about possible poisonous activity by the house ware brands CEO had similar effects and raised similar questions for the discounters managers. Shortly by and by the allegations were made public, a consumer trailing firm reported that nearly 20 percent of the upscale manufacturers customers tell that now, because of the negative media attention, they would be less credibly to buy the companys products.Thirdly, when establishing co-branding, choosing th e right partner is very important. sometimes, due to the different cultures and vision and even operative frictions, they are in-compatible. One fast-food chain that serves mostly sandwich fare had unsuccessfully move co-branding with Italian and Mexican restaurant chains. While these partnerships created great brand synergies, operative friction was created because the co-branded restaurants attracted customers at the same time of day-during the lunch and dinner rushes. The chain went ahead with the deals anyway, overburdening its staff and diminishing the in-store customer dining experience. Finally, the company conditioned its lesson, and its most recent co-branding partner is a breakfast-food chain.Gary Hamel pointed that Western firms commonly abut a lack of strategic intent in collaborative stews. The parting of a Western firm in a collaboration effort is often in the form of technology and is relatively easy for the alliance firm to transfer. In many instances, Western firms are less hot at limiting unintended competency transfer than their Japanese counterparts. So if the company with different culture backgrounds transfer, perhaps it will bring the bad effects (including low profit, internal conflict).Finally, in some extent, co-branding can die hard to transfer of competitive advantage to the partner, creating a potential competitor. Collaboration allows two firms to share their resources, tacit knowledge, and know-how to align with a joint goal. (Wei-Lun Chang, 2009, page80) In a word, due to the collaboration they lose their own advantage in strategy. Sometimes co-branding more easily drives to loss of characteristics of their own products and their own strategy. Meanwhile, there is a crisis in co-branding, when they share the same brand, so there is a caper which company can get the ownership of the brand after co-brand. On the other hand, it can lead to transfer of consumers. For example, the per-brands product image and quality can ef fects the partner. After co-brand it may lose some consumers. So, sometimes, co-branding is a treat for the company.Critical Factors for a successful co-branding strategyIn order to achieve a strategic fit, Chang, 2009 notifyed five critical factors that must be analysed for a successful co-branding strategy. This can be referred to as a 5C pose for evaluating a co-branding opportunity ( course 1). These factors can assist a company in organising a successful and tolerate co-branding strategy from a macro perspective. inflection CostIts important to consider the transition costs for two companies embarking on a successful co-branding strategy. For the joint venture typeface, the two companies have the same responsibility for both profits and liabilities (e.g., Sony and Ericsson). Thus, the transition cost for both parties is symmetric. But in the fusion type, one party (e.g., BenQ) must take responsibility for the other (e.g., sulfur). BenQ unified with Siemens and had to pro vide constant financial support. Unfortunately, BenQs pockets exclusively werent deep enough to absorb the cost of turning around the profit-losing Siemens unit. The cost for both parties was thus asymmetric. Thus the transition costs of co-branding severely affect the future for the companies involved. cultural DifferencesCultural differences are also a crucial consideration for two companies planning a co-branding strategy. Trying to merge companies from different countries creates many unknowns of, especially at the employee level. For example, if one companys culture is hidebound while the other is innovative, cooperation will prove difficult. And there are many other potentially problematic cross-cultural factors like power distance, uncertaininty avoidance, etc. BenQs employees worked hard to collaborate with Siemens workers for nine months, but ultimately failed, by and large as a result of underestimating the intractability of German labor laws. Cultural differences are a major factor impacting on the direction and termination (success or failure) of a co-branding strategy. Thus cultural differences between two companies should be considered thoroughly in advance and require very effective management.Consumer acceptanceThe third lesson is know thy customers. Consumer-centric design will drive a successful co-branding strategy. Sony and Ericsson is a case in point, having launched several consumer-centric mobile phones in recent years (e.g., embedded with Cybershot technology), they advanced the level of functions (digital video recorder, Bluetooth, etc.) in order to increase competitive advantage. On the other hand, BenQ and Siemens originally targeted young customers (based on the slogan enjoy matters) and then attempted to provide modify models (e.g., classical and business models) for other groups (besides teenagers). However, consumers in Germany and Taiwan are solely different. It was difficult to find a leverage point and common ground for both parties to satisfy the radically different types of consumers in the two countries, the companies should identify, focus on and act concertedly in terms of what specific consumers want and need. spirit PositioningThe marrow squash competence of a brand is fundamental in attracting large numbers of customers. Since each unmarried brand has its own impression competence, the synergy between two brands is extremely important. In the brand alliance situation, a strong brand should clearly and uniquely identify and position its internality competence, so that the second brand can integrate with it. The core competence could be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Ideally, similar core competencies (i.e., homogeneous) will generate a stronger co-branding effect. However, heterogeneous core competencies can co-occurrence each other to create a substantial synergy. For example, BenQ has re-positioned its brand as keep exploring to replace the original slogan enjoy matters afte r that original venture failed. The lesson is that the core competencies of two companies should be clearly identified in order to successfully position the new brand.Capital RestructuringAs previously mentioned, co-branding may take on one of two essential operational types joint-venture or merger. For the former, both companies restructure the capital structures of the original corporations. That is, each ingredient corporation is responsible for the new joint-venture company, especially the financial aspects. In the merger situation, the dominant company should be responsible for the gain and loss after integrate. For example, the capital structure of BenQ was reorganized after it merged with Siemens, and this resulted in a loss of around 810 million US dollars between October 2005 and June 2006. The lesson adequate capital for two companies is critical before they even start evaluating each other and organizing a co-branding plan.Various strategies for co-brandingA co-brand i s more limited in terms of its audience than a corporate brand. It conveys a specific image and a set of expectations to target customers in a presumptuousness market. The severalize termination that the merged firm needs to make regarding its co-brand is to choose the type of evasive action it wants to create or maintain with the various strategies previously served by the indivi two-fold firms. Should it try to maintain all the existing strategies or eliminate them in favor of just one or a few? The smother underlying these choices is how to manage similarities and differencesin respect of both customers and the brands that it has inherited by means of a clear co-branding strategy.The two belongingss that determine a merged firms co-branding strategy are its co-brand name and its intended market. The co-brand name signifies a new or existing brand name for a co-brand. The co-brand name involves a choice for the firm should it have a same brand name to all its customer segmen ts no matter how different they might be from each other? Or should it create a different brand name, falsify the range of specifications and quality accordingly to different customers segments?The intended market dimension signifies the market perspective of the firms products or services that it wishes to convey to a given market. The merged firm may conclude to stay in the existing market regard to all its product or servicethat is, suggest the same set crossways all served segments. Alternatively, the firm could create new opportunities to move to a new market with its product or servicethat is, adopt different positioning for them depending upon the particular customer and competitive kinetics in each of its served segments. think food market.Co-Brand NameExistingExisting food market Penetration systemNewGlobal Brand StrategyFigure 2 Co-branding strategiesCross-classifying the two dimensions (Co-brand name existing or new Intended Market existing or new) leads to four alternative co-branding strategies, each representing a particular way to integrate the brand name and customer positioning dimensions Market Penetration, Global Brand, Brand reenforcement, and Brand Extension (see Figure 3).Market Penetration StrategyA Market Penetration Strategy signifies a buttoned-up tactic to keep the existing market and the original brand names of two firms. In essence, the co-brand name is either a single brand name (e.g., BMW MINI Cooper) or the combination of two firms (e.g., MillerCoors and DaimlerChrysler). The key confidence that drives the betrothal of a Market Penetration strategy is the flat convergence of two companies. The merged firms commission is to take advantage of such horizontal integration, accentuate the sexually attractive goals and benefits by sharing the resources. The merger between HP and Compaq, for instance, has led to the creation of a global brand. HP uses single brand name for the firms image but some products with a dual name such as HP Compaq Presario series of laptop/desktop.However, charge on existing market and brand names might not cause the synergy to make the merged firm stronger and more economic (e.g., HP was not superior to IBM much after encounter Compaq). Finally, for a Market Penetration strategy to succeed, it is critical that the heterogeneous of customer segments and the disposition of two firms should be sufficiently high.Global Brand StrategyA Global Brand Strategy signifies a firms decision to serve all its customers with an existing co-brand name in a new market. The key assumption that drives the adoption of a Global Brand strategy is convergence of cross-segmental preferences. The merged firms commitment is to take advantage of such convergence, accentuate the desirable goals and benefits by utilizing global recognition. Among recently merged firms in the telecommunication sector, BenQ has actively move to extend the market share and global visibility by merging telecommun ication department of Siemens with existing brands of the combination BenQ-Siemens.For the merged brand, advantages of a global product brand could accrue at both the release endwhen scale and scope advantages substantially outweigh the benefits of partialas well as the demand end, with uniquely and premium than local or regional brands. However, focusing on extending the current market might cause fail and lose the original advantages (e.g., BenQ reduced its assets dramatically after merging Siemens). Finally, for a Global Brand strategy to succeed, it is vital that the universality across diverse customer segments appeal continuously to evolving patterns of preference.Brand backing StrategyA Brand Reinforcement Strategy signifies two firms decide to use a new name as a co-brand name in the existing market. The key assumption that drives the adoption of a Brand Reinforcement strategy is brand image reinforcement. The merged firms commitment is to take advantage of such attempt of a totally different co-brand name, accentuate the desirable goals and benefits by providing a diverse name and representation style.For the new co-brand name, two firms could reinforce the reputation of their original brands without hurting the original names. However, focusing on creating a new brand name might cause fail lose the advantages (e.g., people have negative image will affect the seed company of a diverse co-brand name). Finally, for a Brand Reinforcement strategy to succeed, it is essential to create an appropriate co-brand name that is totally different from original ones effectively and efficiently.Brand Extension StrategyA Brand Extension Strategy signifies two firms decide to serve a pertly co-brand name in a new market. The key assumption that drives the adoption of a Brand Extension strategy is union of cross-segmental preferences (e.g., Sony and Ericsson). The merged firms commitment is to take advantage of such union, accentuate the desirable goals and benefit s by extending different segments.The merger between Sony and Ericsson has led a horizontal integration for a strategic purpose. Before merging with Ericsson in 2001, Sony was not (with market share of only 1% to 2%) a leading player in the telecommunication industry. Sony had superior design capabilities, but lacked core telecommunication competences, whereas Ericsson had tenuous RD capabilities. The merger began to earn profits in the second merged year (2003). Sony-Ericsson is currently among the top four mobile phone manufacturers. This success can be attributed in part to the fact that the partners had a good co-branding plan including a joint brand name for cellular phones.For the merged brand, positioning a co-brand in an extension purpose might cause by a successful co-branding plan (e.g., Sony-Ericsson). However, it is risky for both firms to position a new brand in an unfamiliar market or customer segments. Finally, for a Brand Extension strategy to succeed, it is vital t hat two firms have to take advantage of their core competences at the first place, generate the prescribed synergy as well as draw up an appropriate long-term co-branding plan.Types of Co-brandingThe uncomplicated type of co-branding can create significant value for companies and their customers, the potential of more durable and innovative co-branding approaches-those that focus on combining the real capabilities of partner companies to create new customer-perceived value-is far greater.While there are many forms of co-branding, before a company can decide which option makes the most sense for its situation, it must fully explore four main types of co-branding. Each is differentiated by its level of customer value creation, by its expected duration and, perhaps most important, by the risks it poses to the company. These risks include the loss of investment, the diminution of brand equity and the value lost by failing to focus on a more rewarding strategyCountry-of-origin Effect an d its significanceCompanies all over the world are face to expand their businesses into foreign markets. With the dropping of trade barriers and improvements in communication, many firms point to go global. The safest approach is to build brands with relevant differentiation and value proposition that would encourage customer loyalty. However, the consumers brand evaluation process is a intricate one with a number of variables. One key factor proposed by Robert Schooler, 1965, is the Country-of-Origin (coo) of the brand. Al-Sulaiti and Baker (1998) even considered it as the fifth element of the marketing mix.Country of origin refers to information pertaining to where a product is made (the made in concept). It is also defined as the unequivocal or negative influence/associations that a products country of manufacture may have on consumers decision processes or subsequent behaviour (Elliott and Cameron, 1994). According to COO theory, when consumers are exposed to the product whi ch is made from other countries, they will perceive some stereotype images about those countries and these images are subsequently used as information cues in judging products from different origins (Lotz and Hu, 2001). For example, France is associated with fashion, Japan with hi-tech/electronic goods and Germany with high level of technology.Factors affecting influence of COO effects on brand evaluations seek in international marketing has proven that country associations do lead to customer bias. Such bias is based on the image of the country in customers minds. This leads to the next obvious question what constitutes an image of a country? What makes French the best country for wines, what makes Germany the best in engineering and what makes Switzerland the best in watch manufacturing? Many factors contribute to the country image.Here are some of the most important onesEconomic DevelopmentOne of the main factors that influence customers perceptions towards a country is the leve l of the countrys economic development. Level of economic growth acts as a main proxy for the countrys other activities. In developed countries, national products are likely to be preferred than imports. On the other hand, in developing countries domestic products are likely to be evaluated less favorably than foreign made products especially from developed countries. trading storyThis refers to the evolution of business in a country and what a country has specifically been known for historically. Even though countries evolve done time to specialize in successively high-value industries, it takes a long time to shrug off any negative associations of the past. As such, the business history of the country contributes to the overall image of the country.DemographicsThe consumer perception toward COO can vary by demographics i.e. the effect of gender, age group or education and income. Studies (Kotabe and Helson, 1998) have shown that COO influences would be strong among the elderly, less educated and politically conservative consumers. Another factor is wealth index that refers to the perceived/actual overall wealth of a country as measured through levels of consumption, number of millionaires, number of billionaires, the size of the luxury goods industry, the sophistication of leisure industry, the proportion of unmarried income spent of leisure and self enhancing activities and so on. Wealth index offers customers a cue to infer the level of product quality, variety, and perceived credibility of the products/brands. engineering scienceGiven the extent to which technology and technological innovations impact consumers lives in todays world, it is not surprising that the extent of technological advancement of a country bears intemperately on consumers perception of the country. This factor is usually related to the level of economic development of the country. Higher the technological capability of a country, more positive is the COO effect.EthnocentricityHowe ver, in the context of economic development given above, the anesthetise of ethnocentricity of the host country becomes critical. Customers who are ethnocentric are likely to looking that it is inappropriate and wrong to purchase foreign made products (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2002). It is argued by LeVine and Campbell that in developed countries, consumer ethnocentrism is seen as the most important factor because they more knowledgeable therefore they prefer to buy domestic to keep domestic jobs and thus increase their countrys GDP, and as a result, COO effects have a minimal role to play.Hence, Low ethnocentric consumers are more likely to use COO cue to infer product Quality whereas, high ethnocentric consumers looks at COO as a means to say loyalty as so reflected in their purchasing behaviourregulatory mechanismsWith heightened globalization, the existence and effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms have become a major factor in creating country images. Regulatory mechanisms such as keen Property Rights law (IPR), online piracy laws, anti-fraud regulations and others create a sense of perceived security in the minds of businesses and customers about a specific country.Product CategoriesThe drill of COO cue is primarily determined by the specific type of product. Therefore, COO effect varies by product category. Typically, those products that can be categorised as high involvement products (such as durables) are more relevant to the concept of COO than low involvement goods.Consumer Expertise(Related to the above point), COO influences will be stronger when the consumer is not familiar with a product category, which can be categorized in novice group (Novices are the consumers who have the time limitation and lack of sufficient product knowledge). They possibly use COO cue under any circumstances (Usuiner, 2000). On the other hand, expert consumers only rely on COO cue when the product attribute is vague.All of these factors contribute towards the formati on of an overall image of a country. As such, a country which is economically well developed, is technologically advanced, has a high wealth index, has stringent regulatory mechanisms, follows a market economy, and has positive hi

Explaining Crime Social Control Theory Exam 1 Criminology Essay

Explaining Crime amic open Control speculation Exam 1 Criminology Essay1. Based on entirely of the theories you ca-ca been exposed to so far in the course, choose the one scheme that you think is the best at explaining offense. Comp atomic number 18 it to at least cardinal former(a)wise theories and discuss how the hypothesis you chose represents an improvement oer the other two. Be specific and be sure to cite the empirical research to sustentation your argument.Based on all the theories I impart been exposed to in this course so far, well-disposed view possibility is the best at explaining curse. Social misrepresent speculation explains aversion in terms of the psyches amicable kindreds and foc manipulations on the absence of signifi female genitaliat relationships with conventional others and institutions (Agnew, 199248). The possibleness utilizes issues of conformity, so alternatively of theorizing ab come forward the motivations of criminal behavior, the a ccessible control scheme ask, Why do nation conform? In this possible action people believe that societys king to control accessible groups affects whether an boyish turns to a life of crime or non. Social control possibility comes from the development theories which are essential from family ties or other tender circles that idiosyncraticistics interact with so as to learn what is expert and what is wrong. When these controlling influences are weak or rendered ineffective and absent, society frees the just aboutone to deviate from legal and moral norms therefore, crime often does occur. In particular, crime is most likely to when (1) when the young is not attached to the parents, school, or other institutions (2) parents and others fail to monitor and effectively sanction deviance (3) the adolescents actual or anticipated investment in conventional society is minimal and (4) the adolescent has not internalized conventional beliefs (Agnew, 199249).Although strain, so ciable control, and first derivative connecter possible action/social acquire system are all sociological theories, strain scheme is distinguished from social control and social learning theory in its specification of (1) the type of social relationship that hunt downs to juvenile vice and (2) the motivation for delinquency. attain theory focuses explicitly on contradict relationships with others relationships in which the individual is not treated as he or she exigencys to be treated. Agnews developed a new theory, cosmopolitan strain theory that defines measurements of strain, the major types of strain, the links mingled with strain and crime, coping strategies to strain, the determinants of delinquent or non-delinquent behavior, and policy recommendations that are ground on this theory which introduced a new perspective on the certain(p) theory that was written off a few decades ago. While social control theory rests on the inaugurate that the breakdown of societ y frees the individual to hallow crime, strain theory is focused on the pressure that is dictated on the individual to commit crime (Agnew, 199249). According to the strain theory, individual deviance is caused as a result of negative relationships or interposition from others and this result in anger and frustration (Agnew, 1997a31). Agnews strain theory was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and addressed some of the criticisms of the original strain theory, however it lacked the financial support data and still had several flaws like the original strain theory. physique theory can cause m whatsoever negative feelings in an individual including defeat, despair, and fear, tho the feeling that is most applicable to crime is anger. For example, an increase in strain would lead to an increase in anger, which may then lead to an increase in crime. Social control theory represents an improvement over the strain theory as it explains that if an individual has certain morals and social values that they live by and grew up believing that they are more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to test a socially acceptable way of achieving their goals and not let feelings of defeat, despair, fear, and anger lead them to respond to strain with crime. The strain theory affect creates pressure for corrective action which may lead adolescents to (1) get to use of il authoritative channels of goal achievement, (2) attack or unhorse from the source of their adversity, and/or (3) manage their negative affect by dint of the use of unratified drugs (Agnew, 199249). Social control theory, by contrast, denies that external forces pressure the adolescent into crime but rather, the absence of significant relationships with other individuals and groups frees the adolescent to utilize in delinquency in response to inner forces or situational inducements.Social learning theory (SLT) is distinguished from strain and control theory by its focus on positiv e relations with deviant others (Agnew, 199249). Social learning theory focuses on the general principles that (1) people can learn by observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors (If people observe positive, desired outcomes in the spy behavior, they are more likely to model, imitate, and adopt the behavior themselves), (2) learning can occur without a change in behavior, and (3) cognition plays a social occasion in learning. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral learning (assumes that peoples environment cause people to behave in certain ways) and cognitive learning (presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves) factors that are important for influencing how one behaves. Social learning theory outlines terzetto stages for people to learn and model behavior take (a) attention retention (remembering what one observed), (b) reproduction (ability to reproduce the behavior), and (c) motivation (good reason) to wa nt to adopt the behavior (Agnew, 199249). The social learning theory claims that the relationship with illegal peers get out lead to a criminal lifestyle that changes the values of achieving achiever in a legit way. Reisss theory of personal and social control states that delinquency results when there is a relative absence of internalized norms and rules governing behavior in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attached (Lilly, 200785). angiotensin-converting enzyme disadvantage of the social learning theory is that it does not account for what may be considered positive it focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner. Social control theory represents an improvement as it seeks to train and guide social learning toward obedience specific to an agenda outside the learners. Social learning is a change in behavior that is controlled by environmental influences rather than by innate or internal forces that occurs with obs erving the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating. The theory of social control emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behavior and proposes social learning with the help of social control which is wherefore I chose the theory of social control over the social learning theory. The Theory of Social Control is widely cited in criminology in addition it has also been explored by the realist philosophers and represented by Travis Hirschi, a pro-pounder of proper(a) Realism. While no individual theory can explain why allone commits crime social control theory does look at the causations of crime from learning theories. They teach us that morals are taught in families and other social circles and that these morals keep individuals from committing crimes they are taught are wrong. The main premise of control theories is that When controls are present, crime does not occur when controls are absent, crime often does occur (B eaver, 2010). Social control theory does give invoice by teaching us that when people hold tightly to certain morals and social values they are more likely to seek a socially acceptable way of achieving their goals.3. During our course discussion, many of you pointed out that the criminological theories that we discussed have both strengths and limitations. This is a view that is held by many criminologists. One way to overcome this problem is to integrate theories into a virtuoso perspective. You are responsible for creating an unified theory that incorporates elements from at least three theories. Be sure to provide a detailed compend of this theory, including how you were able to integrate components from other theories.During the history of criminological thought, various criminological theories on crime causation have been put together into a single perspective. One way to overcome this problem is to create an combine theory that incorporates elements by combining the ide as show by the concepts of differential association theory developed by Edwin Sutherland, Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie, and Robert Agnews general strain theory to provide a more accurate and comprehensive explanation as to why some individuals commit crime where others do not.Although many criminologists have viewed the criminological theories to have both strengths and limitations, it is by no means one single theory but the ideas from the three slighted altered theories that will help in providing a better explanation and understanding of criminal behavior. The first theory, differential association by Sutherland (194975) explains that criminal behavior is learned just like any other behavior by dint of interactions with others. Sutherlands differential association predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking (unfavorable) exceeds those for law-abiding (favorable). Ultimately, the theory focuses on how individuals learn how to become criminals, which is due to an excess of definitions favorable to the usurpation of law. Along the lines of differential association the theory of criminal desire holds that every human behavior is learned through interaction with the environment (Sutherland, 194976). From a researchers perspective, an individual will view society differently if they are gainfully employed as opposed to unemployed, if in a supportive and attractive family or abused by parents. However, individuals might respond differently to the aforementioned(prenominal) situation depending on how their experience predisposes them to define their current surroundings (Sutherland, 194977). However, the integrated theory learning process is not limited to just differential associations, as is the case with Sutherlands theory, instead acknowledging the influence of both humans and non-human (i.e. specie and social gain) objects.The second theory drawn upon the present formulation is Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie. Mertons theory involves the interactions and importance between culturally outlined goals and what social arrangement halt possible. According to Merton, anomie, derived from Emile Durkheim, if such cultural goals are not achievable through legitimate practices than individuals are likely to illegitimate means available for reaching them. In short, overemphasis on material success (i.e. the American dream as an emphasis on the goal of monetary success) and lack of opportunity for such success leads to crime. Institutional anomie theory, as published by Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld, proposed that the American societal pursuit of monetary success leads to anomie, or a way out from normal, sanctioned behaviors and a break from institutional social controls (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball, 200790). As anomie inc reases, so does the level of criminal behavior used by individuals to draw monetary success (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball, 200790). As such, the integrated theory provides a more accurate and comprehensive explanation on the concepts established by Merton by providing adequate explanations of them including classifying each one as learned phenomena. Additionally, Mertons theory is proposed as the source of agitation, thereby leading one to commit crime, when the culturally defined goals of individuals are likely not to be achieved through legitimate processes.Last, the general strain theory revised by Robert Agnew was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and taken from the original theory of anomie. According to the original strain theory, an increase in aspirations and a decrease in expectations should lead to an increase in delinquency however, this was not found to be the case (Agnew, 1985152). Also, the original strain theory predicted a concentration of delinquent behavi or in the lower class, but research proved that delinquency was also common in the midway and upper classes (Agnew, 1985152). Other variables are also neglected by this theory of strain, such as the abandonment of crime in late adolescence and the look of family relationships (Agnew, 1985152-153). Agnews general strain theory broadened the scope to include many more variable that were not addressed in the original strain theory as he attempted to explore strain theory for a perspective that accounted for goals other than monetary success and that considered an individuals position in social class, expectations for the future, and associations with criminal others (Agnew et al., 1996683). General strain theory is a broad theory that can be applied to many different aspects of delinquency (ways of quantity strain, the different types of strain, and the link between strain and crime), however in the integrated theory an individuals must also be taught how to cope without the help of others through involvement in social skills improvement, problem-solving training, and anger control programs which should lead to a decrease in delinquency.The integrated theory that incorporates elements by combining the ideas expressed by the concepts of differential association theory, Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie, and Robert Agnews general strain theory, serves to explain all types of criminal behavior, both violent and non-violent. The crimes could involve economically driven crimes (theft, robbery, etc.) or white-collar crimes which each are the direct result of a gather up to satisfy desires due to an inability to do so through legitimate means. I believe the integrated theory provides an accurate and comprehensive analysis defining delinquency with an explanation as to why some individuals commit crime where others do not. The integrate theory can be utilise to implement policies geared toward s helping to lessen crime and help in providing a better explanation and understanding of criminal behavior.

The US Firm Kraft Foods Took Over Cadbury Marketing Essay

The US Firm kraft paper Foods Took Over Cadbury Marketing Essay gibe to the Harvard handicraft Essential the word outline originated as a military machine term, and adopted by tunepeople when refereeing to plans for figureling and utilizing limited resources human, primer coat and capital. In his classic article, Kenneth Andrews (1971) described strategy as the design of promoting and securing merry pursuance, whilst M. Porter (1980) re-defined strategy as a broad formula for how a byplay is going to compete. One of the founders of the re directned Boston Consulting Group, Bruce Henderson linked strategy to competitive advantage. However, being different is not an instant guarantee for business success.According to ORegan Ghobadian (2009) Cadbury is peerless of the worlds great(p)st confectionary businesses with top ranking in over 20 of the worlds 50 biggest confectionary marketplaceplaces. (See figure 1). It has one of the largest and wide spread markets in appear countries around the world.kraft paper Foods, Inc. is the largest confectionery, food, and beverage corporation whose headquarters is in the join States and the second largest in the world after Nestle. It markets umteen brands in to a greater extent than 155 countries. (See figure 2). It is listed as a public phoner, on the NY linage Exchange. (Wikipedia, Accessed 02/04/10)The former chief executive of Cadbury, Todd Stitzer launched the Vision in Action architectural plan in 2007. At it launch, he said the vision was aimed at capricious the comp anys gross profit margin s up by mid-teen by 2011. It hoped to achieve this by focalisationing on 3 central priorities increment, Efficiency and Capacity. (Company Annual idea 2009) And as of the present time, the quick performance continues, edging Cadbury closer to its goal.2.1.2 kraft paper discover dodge Performance (see Appendix public figure. 4)In an article create verbally by boozco for the Strategy + line of work, ( Issue No 56, autumn 2009), 11 of Krafts top executives were interviewed active their strategy for the 3 year turnaround and campaign for growing. The interview started with the caller-out CEO Irene Rosenfeld who as at 2005 was in charge of the Frito-Lay division of PepsiCo. and then when she became the chef executive in 2006, she observed that Kraft concentrated its power to its HQ in the US and this was hindering innovation and growth. Thus her first quarry was to decentralise Kraft, and re-focus the companys vision to the challenging macro-economic environment.The company went closely these changes by introducing what it called Organising for Growth (OFG) which began in 2007. It included review of organisational structure with a 3-year turnaround time, raze of existing centralisation of power matrix, clear operational initiatives such as building up sales capabilities etc. and implementing immature operating poetic rhythm couple with pecuniary re struggleds for execut ive managers. (See figure 5)3. Market Driven Analysis of encyclopaedism3.1 Why Kraft could not stand fast Cadbury (see Appendix fig.5,8,10,1112)According to Andrew Clark of the Guadian, the attraction of Kraft to Cadbury comes down to brands, sheer scale, geography and distribution channles. Though Kraft has some big brand products such as Max closely shack Coffee and Philadelpha cream cheese, numerous of these and other products were reported struggled to gain market sector domamnce in spite of the fact that they have been around for many years. (The Guadian, 06/04/10)Predictably, acquiring Cadbury meant addition of brands products such as Cadburys chocolate, confectionary and chewing gum products pull up stakes step-up the comapanys annual revenue from 4% to 5% whilst earnings growth which were resortging amidst 7% to 9% forget this instant increase to between 9% to 11%. This predictation is based on Cadburys shrewed distribution strategy. For example, it has strong pr esence within the instant consumption channels such as corner shops and petrol stations where prices can be marked up, whilst relying on people making impluse buying. In comparison, Kraft products ar in general seen in traditional outlets such as supermarket and food stores where profit margins atomic number 18 lower. (The Guadian, 06/04/10)However, the acquistion comes at cost, for example, a cost cut of $675m have been highlighted, this leaveing include effiecency nest egg of $300m. This amount is as a result of stream lining procurement, RD, and logostics. Futher $250m go away come from duplicated adminstrative die which will now be centralised, and a $125m plan synergy saving in making biiger bulk deals when buying media adverts. (The Guadian, 06/04/10)3.2 What succeeding(a) after the takeover? (See shape. 6,913)The share magnitude of the two companies coming unneurotic is enough to give anyone sleepless nights, as there are many strategicalalal risk factors to co nsider. A winning Kraft/Cadbury strategy that is well implemented might work for a long while, however fit to (ref) no strategy is centreive forever.3.2.1 The Stakeholders (see fig. 7) material bodyure xxx shows an illustrative hear map of the different group of people that are kindle in the financial strength of the two companies. It is worth nothing that whilst the government is interested in Corporation Tax and no breach of legislation curiously e.g. National Minimum Wage Act (1998) ref, shareholders are scattericular about shares especially ROI. Whilst the workforce are interested in job loses, pensions etc. Other points of interests are competition from other competitors. Likewise, the general public wants to be reassured that the acquisition will not led to exploitation of churl labour in other to fight off price war competitions. Hence the strategy to manage these groups of people will be dominant in the coming years 2010 and beyond for the acquisition to be test self-made.4. labyrinthine sense circuit board IntroductionThe notion of the Balance Scorecard (BSC) was brought into creation in 1992 in a business review article create verbally by David Norton and Steve Kaplan (Kaplan and Norton 1992). The article was born out of the notion that the ability of a company to measure its intangible assets had a direct bearing on company performance and its ability to achieve company strategic objectives.The BSC brings special value to the traditional mensuration of historical financial aspect by including the measurement of internal business processes, innovation and close and customer perspectives-all key indicators of future successful implementation of company strategy.The BCS is thus seen as a 3- expression spear Measurement System, Strategic Management System, and Communication Tool. See Fig 3Fig 3Source Wiley and Sons (2003)The need to include lag and lead indicators in determining strategic performance is important. Lead indicators a re those that affect future performance of Cadbury e.g. increasing market share. Lag indicators are those that indicate what has happened in the past, e.g. financial performance. Whilst lag indicators are important, Cadbury inevitably to focus on the future indicators of strategic success i.e. customer perspective, business perspective and learning and growth perspective. Cadburys governing objective at the start of 2009 was to forfeit superior shareholder returns by realising their strategic vision to be the worlds BIGGEST and beat out confectionary company. (Cadbury Report 2008). Stakeholder theory identifies 5 main groups who have a vested interest in the commercial undertakings of the company.(Kaplan 2010) Cadburys strategic focus placed emphasis, primarily, on one stakeholder group the shareholders.Fig 4 The strategy map links intangible assets and critical processes to the value proposition and customer and financial outcomes.Fig 4 shows the causal connection between these different prosody and the ultimate strategic aim of delivering shareholder value. The upward flow identifies the cause and effect kind in the BSC that lead to superior performance. An e.g. is that innovative practices identified by learning and growth lead to more than efficient internal business processes which in turn lead to a superior customer experience and lastly long term shareholder value.4.1 FinancialCadbury continues to increase its profit margin towards its goal in the mid teens.4.2 Customer MeasurementCadbury creates customer committal by identifying the exact amount of pleasure that customers derive from the Cadbury experience. This fixs that customers returned repeatedly and run loyal. This has been an essential crash of the strategic focus ensuring strong performance in 2008. (Cadbury Corporate Brochure 2008)Emerging markets have been identified as part of the overall strategy to reach more people, more quickly. As verbalise in the Cadbury India report in 2008, the overarching goal is this sector is to have more grams in more mouths. The potential for growth in this segment of the market is significant as the per capita consumption is very low compared to other non-emergent markets.0.03kg compared to 4.3kg in Europe. (Cadburys India Report 2008). The link between Cadburys relationship with Fairtrade is crucial to ensuring that company achieves its strategic objective of sustainability by increasing its supply of au naturel(p) materials and ensuring the livelihood of the farmers who commence these raw materials.(Cadbury 2008 corporate brochure)4.3 Innovation and LearningThe challenges include managing different break structures, different ethos, work patterns and hiring methods. The management of all of these aspects will have a significant impact on Krafts ability to successfully integrate Cadbury into its ball-shaped family and reap the financial rewards that will make the union a remunerative one. Successful integrating studies ha ve shown that monetary rewards do work, but on their own are not enough to promote a successful collaboration between two different companies engaged in a amalgamation or acquisition. (Montmarquette et all 2004). Krafts pledge is to take the best of twain approach to the acquisition. (Kraft Final Offer 2010) Kraft assimilation is different to Cadburys culture and this will have major implications for the successful synergy of the two companies. Tetenbaum (1999) identifies culture as being at the centre of any successful merger or acquisition. Hofstede (2001) identifies culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another4.4 Internal business processesInnovation and research and development are key aspects of strategic success. consecutive investment in the development of new product ranges, especially in emerging markets, will be necessary to achieve strategic objectives. Cadburys vast distribution netwo rks ensure products are easily accessible to all consumers, from the large supermarket chains to the small corner kiosk in a extraneous part of India. The BSC is only as effective as the action taken as a result of the metrics indicated and measured. Leadership is important to ensure that the metric information is followed up and changes made to maximise the impact of these measurements on performance.(Neely 2008). Cadburys developing association with the Fairtrade brand ensures that it is meeting its corporate brotherly certificate of indebtedness objectives, as well as ensuring a constant supply of raw material for its products, a form of backward integration.Fig 54.6 Criticisms of the BSCThe youthful global crisis has also highlighted the weakness in current measurement systems as they failed to identify the potential for risk for many companies. Analysis needs to identify, not only the historic performance, but also the potential future risks. risk of exposure assessment a nd management needs to become an essential part of the any measurement system used in the future. Cadbury/Kraft must(prenominal) now identify, mitigate and manage risk in such a way that it becomes an integral part of their strategic management ethos.Management Control Systems will need to be agile enough to respond to rapid changes in the environment in which they operate in order to achieve their strategic objectives. Simons levers of control present an alternative system of measurement that includes complimentary metrics e.g., belief systems, interactive control systems and boundary systems etc. (Simons 1995). Fig 5 The BSC has been criticised as being too simple as a measurement/control tool. Businesses are more complex than just a some controls or levers. The functioning of the BSC has been compared to a pilot in charge of a flight from A to B. The BSC provides the mechanism for control and guidance in achieving the goal. (Kaplan and Norton 1996). The BSC is seen mainly as a diagnostic tool rather than a tool that aids strategic success.Where is the point of balance in the competing demands of the different measures?. For e.g. Cadburys overarching goal is delivering superior shareholder returns, but this must be balanced against the needs of lag. A trade off must occur at some level. Companies must understand the cause and effect relationship between the metrics in order to make the most appropriate decisions. Timing difficulties in respect of cause and effect relationships mean that the results of measures introduced may take a significant period of time to have an impact on the financial outcomes.It is essential to link the four aspects of the BCS to strategy to ensure its maximum effect on performance. Nair (2007) BSC can be seen as too rigid in its measurement matrices, i.e. just 4 elements and does not include risk, corporate social responsibility or environmental metrics. Need to conduct sensitivity depth psychology to measure responsiveness of p erformance to certain scenarios. More research is needful on the cause and effect outcomes for companies that use the BSC.Fig 64.7 potence problems for CadburyStaff integration poses a significant challenge to Cadburys governing objectives. This is part of the internal process element of the BSC. This has the potential to derail the recent merger. (Shebioba 2010) Fig 6 shows how Cadbury can translate its mission into desired outcomes. Ensuring that all staff are aware of the new strategic direction that the have company is now embarking on, and everyone understanding the impact their role has on achieving strategic objectives.(Regan and Ghobadian 2009) Fig 7 shows why companies fail to meet their objectives.Simons levers of control will economic aid the new Kraft Cadbury combinationFig 7Source Kaplan and Norton 1992In order to successfully achieve its overarching goal of superior shareholder returns, Cadburys must successfully balance the barriers to achievement as identified abo ve.5. ConclusionCadburys has now become a part of the Kraft family and there is a strategic focus on Kraft reaping the benefits of Cadburys strengths and position in emerging markets.The combined company will need to focus its attention on achieving new corporate goals and devising a strategy that maximises the synergy of the union between them. The use of the BSC or levers of control will aid management in measuring and achieving strategic objectives.It must be noted that in isolation any system that measures the performance of the company will be nonsensical unless it is combined with other systems. There is still room for some work to examine the relationship between cause and effect and the impact this will have on Cadburys strategic performance. This is a crucial part of the integration of Cadbury into the Kraft family. Only time will tell if Kraft will get the sugar rush it envisages from the purchase of Cadbury for 11.6bn.ReferencesAndrews, K., The Concept of Corporate Stra tegy (Homewood), IL Richard D. Irwin Inc. 1971Clark Andrew, Chocolate, chewing gum and coner shops, Why Kraft cant resist Cadbury, The Guadian. Tue 19 Jan 2010. Accessed 06/04/10 2236Hofstede, G. (1981) Cultures and Organisations Software of the Mind, London harper CollinsHenberson, B., The Origin of Strategy, HBR Nov- Dec 1989Introduction to the Balance Scorecard. John Wiley . 2003 wrong the Kraft Foods transformation. Introduction by Chairman CEO Irene Rosenfeld, Strategy + Business issue 56, Autumn 2009 reprint number 09207Kaplan, R. S. and D.P. Norton (1992) The Balance Scorecard Measures that cod performance, Harvard Business Review, (January- February) 71-79Kaplan, R.S., and Norton, D.P.(1996). Linking the balanced scorecard to strategy. California Management Review, 39 (1), 53-79Kraft Final Offer document 2010.Kaplan, R. And Norton, D. (2001). The stratergy Focused Organisation How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Enviroment. Boston, MA Harvard Busine ss School.Montmarquette C, Rulliere JL, Villeval MC, Zeilger R (2004) Redesigning Teams and Incentives in a Merger An experiment with Managers and Students Management Science Vol.50, No 10 October 2004, pp. 1379-1389Nair, B. (2007) Balanced Scorecard Performance Management Systems Its success and failures- A Literature Review, 1 (3/4)Neely, A. (2008) Does the Balance Scorecard work An empirical Investigation. totality for Business Performance School of Management. Research Paper 1/08OReagan, N., and Ghobadian, A. (2009). Sucessful nstrategic re-orienrtationlessons from Cadburys experience. journal of Stratergy and Management. Vol 2(4), 2009, pp. 405-412Porter M. E., Competitive Strategy (NY Free Press), 1980, xxivPandy, I (2005) Balance Scorecard Myth and Reality. VILKAPA, 30 (1)Shebioba, J. (2010) International Business AssignmentSimons, R. (1995). Levers of control How Managers Use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal. Boston Harvard Business School PressSimons, R. (1995). Levers of control How Managers use innovative control systems to conduct strategic renewal. Harvard Business Review ?Strategy Create and Implement the exceed Strategy for your Business, 2005 p(xi)Tetenbaum, T.J. (1999). Beating the Odds of Mergers and Acquisition Failure Seven Key Practices That Improve the Chance for Expected Integration and Synergies. Organisational Dynamics, Autumn 1999, 25-35.

observing smoking reducing stress and anxiety

spy gage reducing stress and anxietyTo remark either fastball reduces stress and anxiety. Like mostly spaters said that when they ar under stress or anxiety and they smoke a target then their stress relieved and they feel fresh and relaxed. In my explore I would like to find either this is true or non.To fall upon persons psychological condition with roll of tobacco habit. In numerous studies it is orientn that grass habbit is to a fault related to to mental condition. I would like to find that students who smoke, whats their perspectives for locoweed.To observe does have affects the general health of a person. I would like to find come appear of the closet whether the students who smoke have some health problem or not. atomic number 18 they having each health problem after they starts smoking?Introduction skunk is to inhale smoke of burning tobacco in the form of cig arttes, cigars and so on Some people occasionally smoke to relief their stress further if s moking, as a habit is a physical addiction. Habitual smoking is also called psychological addiction by health experts. In the substantial world, almost in e precise nation there is a precedent written on every packet of cig argontte that it is injurious to health. In spite of that lot of people find smoking is quite allureive. In UK approximately 120,000 people died every year due to smoking. Smoking is the major(ip) reason for sickness and early deaths. On an average non smokers live 10 yrs more than than the smokers (webarchieve.nationalarchives.govt.uk.).So a smoker dies 10 yrs early as analyze to a person who never smoke in his life. Tobacco contains more than 4000 chemicals, 69 of which known to produce cancer.90% lung cancer deaths are due to smoking. important three components of tobacco are-nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar. All three of them cause diseases. Nicotine absorbs in blood stream and effected brain in 10 seconds. If a person is habitual smoker, whenever th e level of nicotine drops in blood, withdrawal symptoms like craving, anxiety, restlessness, headaches arises. These are relieved when the person smokes. Thats why person smokes regularly to keep these symptoms away. other the smoker becomes anxious and irritable because of the withdrawal effect of nicotine. Tar contains some(prenominal) contents which produce cancer. Tar contains irritants which damage the lungs which are a major vital organ of human body by constricting the bronchioles and destroying the cilias which harbor lungs from dirt and other infections. Smokers do not sit long hours for doing their work, they wish a cigarette break. With this, they feel relaxed and energetic to do their work. People unremarkably smoke at different times in a twenty-four hours .Smokers thought the situations which are not positive they made them less nerve-wracking with smoking a cigarette. Smokers feel pleasure in smoking. But smoking produce critical health risks for smokers and th e persons surrounding them. Because the family members and friends of a smoker who occur second hand smoke also harm their general health. In this proposal we discuss about the smoking and its perceptions among university students. We discuss the facts that why students attract towards smoking. Does smoking really help to reduce the stress in students? Does smoking affect their general health? These all we discuss in our explore proposal.Literature ReviewAccording to Stephen J. Heishman (1999), the 3 factors which influences smoking or are influenced by smoking habit, are stress, weight gain and performance. Addiction of nicotine is very complex process which includes biological, psychological and other factors also. If nicotine addicted person deny nicotine, his attentional and cognitive abilities would be diminished, but these are reversed if nicotine is given(p) to that person. In stress, smoking is eminent, but there is not whatever condition evidence that smoking reduces stress. In average the weight of smokers is 3-4kgs less than peoples who dont smoke and after quitting smoking weight gain is also in resembling manner.According to Carol Brown (cc4) the use of tobacco is heights in people having mental health problems. Use of tobacco is one of the preventable causes of bad health and early deaths in Scotland. According to Scottish administrator (2000), nearly 13,000 persons died all(prenominal) year from diseases occurs due to tobacco like diseases of plaza and cancers of different parts of body (Callum, 1998).According to ASH Scotland (2004), there are many critical health risks related to passive smoking. In Scotland, sickness related to smoking costs the National Health Service around 200 million per year. According to McNeill (2001), smoking risk is more among persons with mental health problems as equivalence to other people. According to Meltzer et al. (1996), brush ups shows smoking rates were higher(prenominal) in people having ment al problems like in people injury from psychosis than general population.According to Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor(April8,2008),when smokers asked for their habit of smoking they usually speculate ,it relives our stress, but 50% of them experience stress frequently as equality to others who never smoke or smoke once and now quits. The survey also shows that smokers are more sad and unhealthy as compare to non smokers or persons who quit smoking.45% of smokers said that they are healthy as this ploughshare was63%in non smokers and little less in former smokers. Six out of ten current smokers satisfied with their family life whereas this ratio was seven in ten in non smokers. Satisfaction in job is also menial in current smokers.According to Andy C Parrott (1999), smokers oftentimes say that smoking helps to relieve their stress whereas the level of stress is quite more in smokers. Dependency on nicotine looks as to modify stress. This resulted irregular mood normal shown by smoker s, during smoking they have good moods and bad otherwise when not smoking. The smokers require nicotine for feeling normal.According to Piasecki (2006) addiction rate is very high in tobacco smoking. Likewise withdrawal of nicotine, tonic desire is canonical reason for ex-smokers, who were struggling to maintain abstinence. If a person strike once more and again with high stress levels his smoking habbit also raised(Steptoe,et al. ,1996) and stressful activities were intrinsic risk factors for chances of relapse in former smokers(Cohen and Lichtenstein,1990Mckee,et al.,2003).Study in human laboratories shows that video to stress or imagination of provoked markers raises the desire of smoking in smokers who are habitual(Perkins and Grobe,1992Erblich,et al.,2003).According to American Journal of health behaviour (2006) vol.30 (3), the usance of tobacco in US is highest in boastfuls between 18-24 yrs of age. Most of them are college students. Use of cigarette smoking increased by 28% in the year between 1993-1997. Around 50% of college students tried smoking in spite of appearance that previous year and around 1/3rd are utilize tobacco currently. Approximately 70% of students of colleges tried tobacco in their life. A recently through with(p) study of 224 students of college showed the tendency to take risk, depression, self qualification were decisive of smoking behaviour. Other study of 636 adult students shows that the college students using tobacco shows lower physical activities and raised depression symptoms as compare to non smokers. however young adults who are in depression use tobacco for rise in their mood.According to Wegner, Schneider, Carter and White (1987) numerous studies shows inhibiting negative or uninterested thoughts having a rebound effect. So if a person suppresses a one thought he may think about, that thought comes in his question more quickly. For example people usually attempt to discontinue smoking by avoiding thinking a bout smoking. Whereas this strategy rises his thoughts of smoking and makes quitting difficult. According to Salkovskis and Reynolds (1994) study, in which contestants decrease or give up smoking by observing their thoughts about smoking. The study shows suppression, raised thoughts of smoking comparison to monitoring. However these results show that thoughts suppression made quitting much challenging. But in this study they were not said that suppression raises smoking.According to Heath Martin (1993) Chassin et al. (1994, 1996) ,Kendler et al.(1999) so many studies done in past two decades suggested that people with the history of smoking in their close relatives were continual smokers than other ones who had no history in their family. some(prenominal) studies showed that persistent smoking habbit definitely had heritable element. For e.g. Heath Martin (1993) found heritability approximately of 0.53, whereas Kendler et al. (1999) found it as 0.72. These studies show the value of environmental and hereditary factors in habbit of persistent smoking but this did not clarify mechanism that shows descent of family history and persistence.HypothesesSmokers thought that smoking reduce stress.Smoking plays a caput role in mood elevation of a person.Generally if the parents smoke, their adult children are more attract towards smoking habit.The family members and friends of a smoker, who breathe the secondary smoke, also harm their general health.MethodDesignThis is a decimal study of smoking habit and its perceptions among the university students. It is in the form of questionnaire.Dependent unsettledStress, Psychological statusIndependent VariableAge, Gender, smoking habitParticipantsThe participants are mostly the students of University of Bedfordshire who belongs to different religions and different nations. There go out be 25 participants, in which 20 would be male participants and 5 would be womanly participants. The age of the participants is between 2 0-40yrs.ProcedureEach student gives a lavish questionnaire in which picks are there and they have to tick the best option according to their choice and they are requested to give answers wisely. Questionnaire is given to each participant personally and told him or her the purpose of test. Before the participants fill the questionnaire, resume information regarding the purpose of study and other related information will be given to each participant. This information is also given to the participants that this selective information remains confidential. This collected entropy will be used only for study and seek purposes and not given to any other organization. later the general introduction regarding name gender etc. the participants asked to select the socio-economic class of smoking-smoking in the present time, or smoking in the past days and now quitted. Then they start the main Questionnaire.Data analysisThe entropy is collected from students of University of Bedfordshire and analyzed by SSPS.Either a significant copulation exists in between the variables is studied by ANOVA.Ethical ConsiderationThe university has pass judgment the request of survey in their campus. The participants are clearly mentioned about selective information protection and told them that this data will be used for study and research purpose only. The participants are clearly mentioned that they are free to ask any type of question before the data collection. This is clearly told to the participants if they have any problem during the research they can withdraw any time .The data collected from the students is not given any other party.

Safety And Security And The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

rubber And Security And The Hospitality manu particularure Tourism EssayIntroduction and Background of the correctionSafety and warrantor plays a big mapping in this century. Every whizz is tinting slightly their resort and credential when they ar staying in the hotel during vacation. In the worldwide hotel pains, the exertment too c oncern ab surface galosh and trade protection issues pertaining on their customers and employees.In the cordial reception constancy, they be proud of themselves beca white plague they atomic number 18 get to a go at itn friendly to everyone in much(prenominal) direction of attitude in welcoming their customers or nodes. Therefore, they should practice and maintain the belief of a home-from-home with their open-door approach with comfort, convenience and privacy to their guests (Gill, Moon, Seaman Turbin, 2002). aft(prenominal) the disasters such(prenominal) as holy terrorist attack at Luxor Egypt in 1992 and 1993, 852 passeng ers died on the shipwreck of Estonia in Baltic Sea on 28th September 1994, Iraq war terror attack of September 11, 2001 in New York, United States, the SARS pestiferous in 2003, Tsunami disaster on 26th December 2004 in Thailand and Bali bombings, the look at for arctic device and shelter ab start the world is growing and the topic of natural rubber and credentials has become a popular discussion among the people in the world. Besides, virtually of the hotels gather in this instant implemented a sentry duty and warrantor plan as well as quality plan such as providing genteelness for the employees and guests sentry duty devicety and certificate (Steene, 2009, Lockyer, 2007 and Helena Natasa, 2010).The hotel focusing has stray the hotel unhurtty into both broad categories which atomic number 18 sentry go and protective covering. The management categorize safety as in the services provided, similarly included the construction of the hotel interior designed wh ereby making sure they argon safe reinforced for the employees to work in and in-house guests. However, aegis in hotel partaked to threats that clique by people than setting by the physical surroundings, which means it depends on the mortal who set the security jeopardy that can non be predict (Policy Department, 2008).Based on Enz (2009) personal definition on safety and security, she defined safety as protecting guests safety, darn keeping guests billet safe leave alone be included in the security definition. In other words, according to Enz and Masako (2002), safety involves in protecting employees and guests succession in the hotel atomic number 18a from weighty injure and death.In terms of safety, it can be further categorized by different fits such as fire safety and others looking ats of hotel safety. As for hotel safety, it includes aliment safety, swimming pool safety and not forgetting the hotels property safety such as law-breaking safety (Policy Department , 2008).Problem Statements breeding safety and security measures is important to the hospitality industry whereby with place the important of measures, the hospitality and tourim industry impart not drive home boom so fast. This is because everyone retire their life as precious as gold. Unfortunately nowaday, hotels only utilise of the tecnology safety and security system to protect their guest. They should have excessively utilise of procreation manner and procedures to train their employees and originate guest as a precautions for slashs to pass off. Morever, the hospitality should be to a greater extent concern on which aspects that provide have a spunky rate of accidents happen in the daily rountine. However, why preparedness is crucial for the hospitality industry to look upon on? What are the slipway that the hospitality industry able to use to train their employees and guests to keep safe from danger? Which aspects must they concerned on?Re lookup ObjectivesT he intention of this enquiry is through with(p) to determine employee safety and security knowledge and education for guests do jockstraps to pick at the safety and security issues in the hospitality industry. This look is carried out to carry out several objectives in the noteing belowTo determined the importance of provision safety and security.To determined the ways that the hotels implement to train their employees and educate guests on safety and security to tonicity determine and comfortable while in the hotel.To identify the factors that the hotels impart look into concern and train employees and educate guest to dis totallyow these issues to happen.Research QuestionsThis study is attempted answer the seek questions in the following belowWhy it is importance of formulation safety and security?What are the ways that the hotel implements to train their employees and educate their guests on the safety and security?What are the factors that the hotels leave behind look into concern and train employees and educate guest to pr howevert these issues to happen?Hypothesis StatementThe hypothesis in this research get out be done based on the value of the cosmos which the hypothesis statement leave behind be related to the importance of educate safety and security does lower the fortune of safety and security issues. In this hypothesis research, the writer has used a statement which exit bust less bad aspecting on the result.Ho = There is no significance between the importance of training safety and security bequeath lower the percentage of safety and security and have no effect on safety and security issues.H1 = There is a significance between the importance of training safety and security allow lower the percentage of safety and security and have no effect on safety and security issues.Theoretical and Conceptual FrameworkThe importance of training safety and security on employees and guestsImportance of training safety and securityTrain ing the employees on safety and securityWays and factors to concerned on get up safetyAccident and private safetyEducating guests on safety and securityoffense safety and securityFigure 1.1 A conceptual mannikin on the importance of training safety and security on employees and guests in the hotel industry.Basically the above figure betokens about this research bequeath be focusing on several facts and facts such as the aspects that the hotel should be more(prenominal)(prenominal) than concerned on by implementing ways to protect them. Before the indite determined the aspects and ways on protecting the employees and guests safety, the writer would the wants of to inform on the importance of training safety and security on employees and guests and not just relying on the safety and security features such as CCTV and others more.As for the aspects for the hotel to be concerned on leave be the fire safety, accident and private safety and discourtesy safety and security. Thes e aspects should be concerned on because they leave behind happen in our daily life. Fire is a phenomena aspect which we cannot predict to happen, gum olibanum it is important for the hospitality to train the employees and guests on ways to overcome it when it happens. As for accidents and private safety, if the employees and guest are t from each one to prevent them to happen, the rate of accidents go away be lower down. For event, housekeepers should be trained in a right way to clean the room with safety measures. umbrage happens almost every day in our life, thus the hotel should likewise take in precautions even though there are security police and officers. For example, the hotel admits to train employees on ways to not fall into the bend traps when they suspected suspicious people wondering in the hotels.Significance of the StudyTraining employees and educate in-house guests in request to keep themselves safe and inviolable is a very important elements in the hospi tality and tourism industry nowadays. With the training of safety and security, they go forth reach the employees and guests satisf fill where they will feel safe just like they are in their own house. In the mean time, it will as well increase the attention from the outsiders and travelers if they know the hotel manage well in safety and security matters, thus this will brings benefits to the hotel when they subscribe to more manpower and increase the economy and status of the hotel.The reference had know the types of training methods for employees and guests to follow to overcome the negative factors which will make them feel safer while being in the hotel at whatsoevertime and anyplace. Moreover, the effects of these method used will minimize the safety and security issues. This research will facilitate the organizations in the hospitality industry to understand the purpose of training safety and security will benefit the employees and travelers. This will also benefit the hotel as they practice and applying on the employees and guests to manage and improve the safety and security measures. background and LimitationBasically, this research is mainly focusing on the method that the hotels management uses to train their employees and educates their in-house guests in collection to keep them safe and secure, also help to reduce negative issues that will happened in the hotel and the surrounding. Hotels keep them safe and secure in terms of avoiding injuries and death on the employees and guests when there are accidents, criminal offence and fire.However, there are several limitations related to this study have come to passred in baseball club to complete this research successfully. Firstly, it will be the availability to search for secondary culture, the electronic sources. The seed has posed some difficulties in search additional teaching and electronic articles and journals from the websites that related to training safety and security for e mployees and educating guests when being in the hotel. Even though, the respective college university has provided several sources for the precedent like academic websites barely there are still lack of sources for the motive to peck more information because some of the journals and information use up to be purchased before consume. Moreover, the antecedent had faced some challenges because of lacking(p) experience and knowledge in conducting a proposal. It is a great challenge when the precedent does not have sufficient experience and the skills to collect strong and good entropy for this research.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, it will contains the purpose of the authors had done research regarding on the important of training the employees and educate the guests, also several ways to train the employees and educate guests to keep safe while they are in the hotel. Besides, it will also include the factors where the hotel will be more concern on and avoid injuries happened. As for the previous researchers findings and theories, they will be used as incarnateing information also ensuring that the methods and factors will be focusing on will help in this research. Moreover, all information and info that have been gathered for this research are from various secondary data sources such as electronic articles and journals.2.2 Importance of training for safety and securityThe word training is means by bountiful a person the actual and enough information to him or her postulate in order to work safely. It is not crucial that training need to have a formal class session or seminars and courses for the employees to attend.In this generation, there are various aspects that make the hotel successful whereby these aspects are health, safety and sustainability of the attractions business (Williams 2008). According to Pitt (2007), in United Kingdom, there are about more than 30 cardinal of functional days lost in each year due to employees health sickness and seven million are because of employee injured in the working(a) place. Every year, there are more than a million of employees suffering from bully while working by their own colleagues or public. Therefore, in order to reduce the make out of workplace injury and others factors, training employees and guests to keep themselves safe while working and staying in the hotel are crucial.Based on the research by wellness and Safety in the Catering Industry Liaison Committee, there is a legal law to provide information and training regarding to health and safety aspects to all employees who are needed (http//www.hse.gov.uk).2.3 Training employeesWeitze (2008) noted that if the hotel management is lacking of employees training, lack of maintaining the policies and procedures and lastly lacking of prevention, these will all lead to a safety related incident. Thus, it is important to train the employees from the hotel itself first before to educate the guest s.Moreover, the caters of enlightenment Hotel are the first people who will interact with the guests once they step into the hotel. It does not matter they are from which department of the hotel, as abundant they are nirvana Hotel employees such as bell boy, front desk staffs, housekeepers and more, the employees are responsible to create a culture of safety and professionalism to keep themselves safe and keeping the guest safety and security as well (Kwiecinski, 2010). Therefore, it is crucial for the management to train every employee to be able to face to face in any accidents such as fire, police and other touch services people so that they may help out if that is a need (William, 2008). Based on a health and safety theatre director, Duncan Aspin, he had stated that managers need to shape up health and safety training policy for ensuring every employee have sufficient training on safety and security issues to reduce accident (Mottram, 2005).For an example, according to Mott ram (2005), providing program regarding on staff development and safety training has castn a hand to northwesterly division of Birse Civil to achieve zero percent accident rate, which is also the top 1 company in UK as construction industry for safety. Therefore, training employees not only will help to that their lives but also help Shangri-la Hotel to rise up hotel status.2.4 Educating guestsBesides Shangri-la Hotel train their employees to keep themselves safe and implementing safety and security features for the guest safety, it is also important for them to train their in-house guests to take care of themselves as well. In general, everyone who travels around and look for accommodations would expect they will be safe and their property will be secure leaving them in the hotel while they are out for travel. However, sometimes it is hard to predict that guest will be safe by just depending on the hotels safety and security features, thus the guests should also learn how to pro tect themselves away from crimes, accidents and fire.According to the research by Mottram (2005), in the year of 2003, 80 people who include the guests and employees of Birse Civils have attended the safety management and courses. In result, the company has recorded as zero accidents occur within the company area.2.5 Ways and factors that will be concerned on2.5.1 Fire SafetyFire accident is an accident whereby we cannot predict when to happen and when not to happen. Even if there is a fire, the guests might not know how to handle because they are not aware of it. Therefore, the hotel management should take precautions on handling the safety of their employees and guests. For example, sometimes foreign in-house guests might have dull respond to the evacuation alarms when it rings because they do not have an intellect government agency in the local hotel (Roberts Chan, 2000).According to Helena Natasa (2010), in order to protect guest safety, the management of the hotel needs to educate guest by providing instructions, labels and reminders which related to fire preventions. The purpose of implement this so that guests will not be panic and nervous when there is fire accident, in fact they will stay calm and know the way to leave the hotel edifice safely.Throughout the research, as for the fire precautions to protect the guest and employees safety, Shareton Hotel did the best in training their employees to handle fire incident in order to save their life and the guest life too. They provide full induction and training for all hotel staffs on working safe procedures and responses which relate to fire. Besides, new force-out will be trained to use types of extinguishers and taught them ways to handle when the hotel is on fire (Roberts Chan, 2000).2.5.2 Accidents and Private SafetyIn the Occupational Safety and health Act (OSHA), it has stated in 1970 that each working people all man or woman in the nation need to have a safe and healthful working conditi ons which also means that without having any injuries during the working period (Hobson, 1996). In the hospitality industry, it is important for the hoteliers to look into this aspect because accident can happen in the hotel easily at anytime and anywhere on the employees and guests.In the research by Mottram (2005), the company of Birse Civils does provide training to their employees which included first-aid training. This training is to ensure that their employees are qualified to the Health and Safety Regulation 1981, which need four days training at St caper Ambulance premises. Thus, as for all hospitality industry, the management should provide training like this as a protection to their employees and guests safety.In addition, in certain time, hold department has a high percentage of causing accidents when the housekeepers do not handled dangerous chemicals in a proper way and practicing unhealthy poses while cleaning the rooms. Due to they are dealings with dangerous hazar dous chemicals which will affect their health and life, safety and security training and orientation are important and should be practice in the housekeeping department even though the housekeepers did not handle any machinery. As an example, Wyswert hotel does provide training and information for the housekeepers on what they are supposed and not supposed to do (Kristanti Kuhn, 2005).However, sometimes it is a part of the employees jobs to protect the in-house guests safety. Leong (2000) has stated that the entire employees need to be trained so that they know about the security procedures to follow on which will be subservient for the guests. Thus, training employees is important especially when the front desks doer is dealing with the arrival guests room key. According to Kristanti Kuhn (2005) and Woods, Ninemeier, hay Austin (2007), they have mentioned that front desk agents are not allowed to give out keys, room numbers, messages and mail to anyone from the requester witho ut the owners of the room real identity. Also, during the process when the front desk agent passes the room key to the guest, they should not announce the guests room number out in the public.In addition, restaurant staffs also play a role in keeping the guests safety and security whereby they need to keep their customers property in secure when they are having their meals in the respective restaurant. The restaurant manager needs to train the server to be more alert on the customer belongings (Kristanti Kuhn, 2005).2.5.3 Crime Safety and SecurityNowadays, violent crime in the workplace has become a world issue that everyone will concern. Therefore, it is now has become a problem to the hospitality industry that they will be facing and this problem is increasing in other countries (Hobson, 1996). After the incident of a popular singer was raped with a stab pointed at her in Long Island motel, the issues of security become a serious issue to all hotels in the United States (Leong, 2000). Therefore, hotels have aware of crime issues and security system and start practicing crime management (Gill, Moon, Seaman Turbin, 2002). Crime in the workplace has generally separated into different categories such as robbery and other commercial crimes, employer or other employee direct situations and terrorism.In order to minimize the rate of violence crime in the hospitality industry, the management can strengthen the manager and supervisors security skills and ways to use first aids. It is important for both of them to be expert in managing these securities because they are the one will handle the problems when there is a problem. For example of a case that happened in Pasadena, Texas in 1977, the manger of the hotel did not help the victim because of lacking of security knowledge (Hobson, 1996).Besides training the higher take aim of management, training the front line employees is needed too so that they will have the knowledge on handling it. The management of the hotel can give training such as smile training which known as dont look them in the eyes training to teach the employees so that they will be more prepare and calm when there is a situation occur. A clear and understandable instruction should be given in order to avoid fighting when there is a robbery (Hobson, 1996). chthonic the research that has been done by Shellum (2002), several hotels have taken action to strengthen the security issues. They have improved their security-guards training and then try them by standard operating procedures so that it is constant. Research has shown that awareness is the most important tools in order to take care of safety, thus the example of the hotel has done show the right way of training the employees (Helena Natasa, 2010). Thus, they have increase the staff-awareness by giving them more training instead of hiring security guards (http//www.hotelasiapacific.com).CHAPTER threeRESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, the author w ill be describing about the research methodology which will be using to collect data for this research and seeing how the data will reach the research objectives. With the used of this research methodology by following the structure of guidelines, it will help the author to collect reliable and trustable results for the research. In order to visitation the results for this research, qualitative and quantitative methods will be used as a support with one another and the outcome of the results will be blameless in this research.3.2 Research DesignQualitative methods is used for this research whereby it will be rely more upon discourses sessions and some case studies research dealing with some small numbers of people. The author will collect the data and information by targeting to call into question the people in Shangri-la Hotel on how they train their staffs and guests to keep themselves safe while being in the hotel. The author would plan to interview the managers based on one on one basis so that more information included own opinions and thoughts will be given by themselves. The interview questionnaire will be set and ask based on the related questions stated in Chapter 1.The age of doing interview session with the respondent will basically starts with creating the interview questionnaires and scripts that have related to this research. After the progress of preparing the questionnaire that will be asked to the respondent, setting and conducting a direct test steps will be taken for the interview session. After all, the last section of the process will be the author interview the respondent in one on one basis.quantitative method is another part of research methodology that will be used to collect information from the respondent. This research method will have less interview sessions and observation. However, it is more towards on the collections of the data and analyzes the numerical data and statistic. For this research, cogitation technique will b e used by creating a survey questionnaire for the respondent, which is the guest in Shangri-la Hotel. This is done in order for the author to have more understanding on this research.3.3 data order of battleIn this research, there are two types of data put in that has been used for this study which are the primary data and secondary data. The combination of these two data collection may be useful and able to show accurate results which will help the author to do for this research.3.3.1 Primary DataIn this research, primary data is important for the researchers to collect data because the information that collected is direct from the respondent itself. Therefore, it will be much more accurate. However, this method that will be used requires more time, cost and zip to complete. Thus, the author needs to spend more effort in order to collect great information and data.The primary data for this research will be collecting through one on one interview and questionnaire survey. Firstl y, the author will be only target the manager of each department in Shangri-la Hotel to collect information and data which relate to this research. The respondent that will be interviewed will be at least(prenominal) at the manager level therefore the results taken will be more useful and reliable. The interview questionnaire will be asked will more base on the ways and the factors of safety and security issues will be focusing on.The purpose of using interview method is because data that given will be more in depth and interviewer able to ask more personal question in order to gather spare information. Also, it is possible for the interviewer to record down the conversation during interview session as references and proofs with the permission approve from the interviewees.3.3.2 Secondary DataSecondary data are data that have gathered and done by previous researchers and now become the needs for the current researcher. Besides, secondary data can be known as ready quick sources wi th strong facts and evidence. Secondary data includes books, journals, articles, news and others more.As for this research, the secondary data will be more relying on the electronic journals and less on academic textbooks. The data collected will be used more on internet sources because it is comfortable to gather valuable data which have done by psyche else previously. Electronic journals articles that used to find relevant articles and journals as a support for some facts in this research are from the database of EBSCOhost from KDU e-library websites, Emerald from USCI library website and Google Scholar. All information that collected from these three websites is validity, accuracy also free for bias.In addition, the author will borrow some books for extra information which relate to the research doing from the library of KDU University College at Petaling Jaya campus.3.4 Sampling Design3.4.1 Sampling TechniqueThe author would choose non-probability take as a tool to choose the respondent for this research study. The author will be interviewed the managers of Shangri-la Hotel through quota sampling to get information. However, quota sampling will not be a helpful tool for the author to do this research because not everyone is selected to be interviewed, thus convenience sampling will be use in survey questionnaire. The questionnaire will be distributed to the targeted respondents who are willing to answer the questions sincerely. With the use of this method, it gives the author to have large number of full complete questionnaires fast and gimcrack which help the author to save cost.3.4.2 Sampling FrameIn this research, the hotel that the author choose to do on research is Shangri-la Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, thus the author will only target the respondents who are the guests who stays in Shangri-la Hotel regardless of gender or races for the convenient sampling. As for the quota sampling, the author will only select people who have a high level of management to interview.